Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-09T01:54:43Z

Amanda2532: /* Charging Conductors */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

[[File:Inductiontransfer.gif]]

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

[[File:05172.png]]

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely. While the inside electric field remains zero. This all happens because of Coulomb's Law. It insists that charges lay as far away from each other as atom-ly (you get it? like human-ly) possible. If you charge a conductor, the conductor becomes charged with whatever type of charged was used. i.e. i charge a metal ball with a negative charge, thus the ball becomes negatively charged.

Here's a fun thing. You ever heard of the Van de Graaff? That metal ball thing that shocks you? It is an electrostatic generator that uses a belt of sorts to accumulate charge. It creates very big electric potentials so as you go to touch it, it discharges onto you, shocking you.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

[[File:Inschargedist.gif]]

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-09T01:50:00Z

Amanda2532: /* Charging Conductors */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

[[File:Inductiontransfer.gif]]

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

[[File:05172.png]]

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

[[File:Inschargedist.gif]]

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-09T01:49:06Z

Amanda2532: /* Discharging */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

[[File:Inductiontransfer.gif]]

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

[[File:05172.png]]

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-09T01:46:24Z

Amanda2532: /* Charging by Induction */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

[[File:Inductiontransfer.gif]]

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away
[[File:05172.png]]

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-09T01:46:12Z

Amanda2532: /* Charging by Induction */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig
[[File:Inductiontransfer.gif]]

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away
[[File:05172.png]]

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-09T01:43:11Z

Amanda2532: /* Discharging */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away
[[File:05172.png]]

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

File:05172.png

2018-04-09T01:42:58Z

Amanda2532:

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-08T20:42:00Z

Amanda2532: /* Solution */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png

2018-04-08T20:41:49Z

Amanda2532:

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-08T20:41:31Z

Amanda2532: /* Solution */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png]]
[[File:example3insulator.jpg]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png

2018-04-08T20:41:20Z

Amanda2532:

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-08T20:41:02Z

Amanda2532: /* Example Problem */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:example2.jpg]]
[[File:example3insulator.jpg]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-08T20:40:52Z

Amanda2532: /* Example Problem */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]

===Solution===
[[File:example2.jpg]]
[[File:example3insulator.jpg]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png

2018-04-08T20:40:38Z

Amanda2532:

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-08T20:34:49Z

Amanda2532: /* Examples */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.
[[File:example1capacitor.jpg]]
===Solution===
[[File:example2.jpg]]
[[File:example3insulator.jpg]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png

2018-04-08T20:34:38Z

Amanda2532:

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-08T20:27:59Z

Amanda2532: /* Examples */

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]
[[File:insulator2.jpg]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.
[[File:example1capacitor.jpg]]
===Solution===
[[File:example2.jpg]]
[[File:example3insulator.jpg]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png

2018-04-08T20:27:45Z

Amanda2532:

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-08T20:19:01Z

Amanda2532:

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:conductor3.jpg]]
[[File:insulator2.jpg]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.
[[File:example1capacitor.jpg]]
===Solution===
[[File:example2.jpg]]
[[File:example3insulator.jpg]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-08T20:18:08Z

Amanda2532: /* Examples */

Edited Spring 2017 by Lily Masters '''Claimed by Andrew White Fall 17'''
Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]
[[File:conductor3.jpg]]
[[File:insulator2.jpg]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.
[[File:example1capacitor.jpg]]
===Solution===
[[File:example2.jpg]]
[[File:example3insulator.jpg]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png

2018-04-08T20:17:29Z

Amanda2532:

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2018-04-08T04:48:42Z

Amanda2532:

Edited Spring 2017 by Lily Masters '''Claimed by Andrew White Fall 17'''
Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

==Introduction==

Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).

==The Main Idea==

Okay so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? That processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

==Charging by Conduction==

Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko

[[File:Charging tape.png|thumb|Charges on strips of tape as they are pulled apart from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (such as electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

==Charging by Induction==

Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.

[[File:Charging induction.png|thumb|Charging two neutral conductors by induction from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

Here's a video that might also help explain charging by induction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMM6hZiWnig

==Discharging==

Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away

==Charging Insulators==

Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

[[File:Insulator and conductor.png|thumb|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example below (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

==Charging Conductors==

When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely.

Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

==Examples==
[[File:conductor1.jpg]]
[[File:conductor3.jpg]]
[[File:insulator2.jpg]]

===Example Problem===

A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.
[[File:example1capacitor.jpg]]
===Solution===
[[File:example2.jpg]]
[[File:example3insulator.jpg]]

==Connectedness==

[[File:Lightning bedning.png|thumb|Mako bending lightning to save Republic City in Avatar Legend of Korra]]

Okay, so I’m going to get super fan boy nerdy for a second and connect what we’ve learned about charging and discharging to my favorite cartoon of all time: Avatar The Last Airbender. For those of you not familiar with this amazing series – these resources might be help create some context (I highly recommend watching the original series and the spinoff with Avatar Korra): http://www.nick.com/avatar-the-last-airbender/

Within the world of Avatar and bending, each bending art has one or more specialized bending techniques that are considered to be very rare, highly coveted skills. Lightening bending (or lightning generation) is a special technique within the art of firebending. Lightning bending is an extremely difficult technique to master, as it requires the bender to be at total peace and void of all emotion (which is why it was always impossible for Zuko to learn from Uncle Iroh because that boy had so many emotional issues – which is completely understandable considering his circumstances).

Lightning bending connects to charging and discharging in a few ways. Lightning (and lightning generation) in and of itself alone is a representation of electrical discharge. Lightning is created when two dense pools of opposite charges reach out and connect to one another, creating a channel for electrical transfer of charge that results in each pool becoming neutral once that transfer is complete.

[[File:Strike1.gif]] [[File:Strike2.gif]] [[File:Strike3.gif]]

Photos from free U.S. government resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Before we continue, please watch the following video to see lightning bending in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6htOzNpBJv8

So let’s break down what we see in the video and how it relates to the physics of charging and discharging. Before we even see Uncle Iroh generate visible lightning, he “charges himself” by, “separating the energies of yin and yang” (according to Avatar mythology). In other words, Uncle Iroh separates mobile negatively charged particles (yin) from mobile positively charged particles (yang) within his body and immediate surroundings to set the stage for electrical charge transfer. When the amount of charge Uncle Iroh has built up in each pool is great enough to overcome the air and his body’s insulation of electric flow, this is the moment we begin to actually see lightning. The generated pools of charge connect and create a channel where charges begin to flow between pools in order for each pool to discharge and become neutral.

So all in all, in order for a firebender to lighting bend, the bender must be adept at charging and discharging to perform the technique. Once the lighting is generated, the bender then guides the discharging electric flow of energy in a desired direction (more than likely at an opponent in order to zap them).

Note: all representations of anything related to Avatar The Last Airbender are property of Nickelodeon and they rights are reserved.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

==See also==
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Conductivity Conductivity]
*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Polarization_of_a_conductor Polarization of a Conductor]

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]

http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Work Done By A Nonconstant Force

2018-03-06T18:47:40Z

Amanda2532:

Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

This page explains work done by non-constant forces. In addition, it provides three levels of difficulty worked examples and analytical models will help readers develop a more thorough understanding.

Let's get started by first understanding what work is! Below is a fun cartoon explaining work!
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNuMhnhN2-A Work Cartoon]

==The Main Idea==

Before you can understand work done by a nonconstant force, you have to understand work done by a constant force.

For a better understanding of what a force is reference this video: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tC1tNIKztOo What is Force?]]

'''Work done by a Constant Force'''

[[File:ConstantForce.png]]

Work done by a constant force i dependent on the amount of newtons executed on the object and the distance traveled by the object. Above is an image depicting the formula W = F*d, where F is the force and d (or X) is the distance travelled. The formula W=F*d only holds true when a constant force is applied to the system.

While this formula is useful. It is not realistic to assume force will be constant in every system.

'''Work done by a Nonconstant Force'''

Work done by a nonconstant force is more commonly seen in every day life than work done by a constant force. You can tell if a force is nonconstant if the object moves a distance with a changing force at points along the path. Two examples of nonconstant forces are spring forces and gravitational forces. You can tell that a gravitational force is a nonconstant force by choosing a point on the path. For example, if you choose a point to calculate force on the Moon's orbit around Earth then the Moon will go away from the Earth rather than orbit around it. Another example of a nonconstant force is a spring. If a spring had a constant force, the spring would forever stretch or compress rather than oscillate.

To calculate a nonconstant force you must use a different formula than W=F*d. An integral is needed to calculate the work done along a path of nonconstant force.

[[File:WorkIntegral.png]]

===Mathematical Model===

[[File:particle.jpg|thumb|Particle with nonconstant force]]

The total amount of work done on a system is equal to the sum of the work done by all individual forces, therefore, the total amount of work done can be calculated by the summation of each force multiplied by the force
[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System|Iterative calculations]] are used in order to calculate non-constant forces and predict an object's motion. Given initial and final states of a system under non-constant force, small displacement intervals should be used to calculate the object's trajectory.

Below is the formula used to calculate each iteration then add them together to calculate total work.

<math>{{W}_{total} = {W}_{1} + {W}_{2} + {W}_{3} + ... + {W}_{n} = \overrightarrow{F}_{1}\bullet\overrightarrow{dr}_{1} + \overrightarrow{F}_{2}\bullet\overrightarrow{dr}_{2} + \overrightarrow{F}_{3}\bullet\overrightarrow{dr}_{3} + ... + \overrightarrow{F}_{n}\bullet\overrightarrow{dr}_{n}}</math>

<math>{{W}_{total} = \sum\overrightarrow{F}\bullet\Delta\overrightarrow{r}}</math>

This method, while possible, can get tedious and repetitive. If you make the intervals you calculate indefinitely small, it is the same as integrating. The most common formula used for work with a nonconstant force is the integral from the first point of a path to the last point.

<math>{{W}_{total} = \int\limits_{i}^{f}\overrightarrow{F}\bullet\overrightarrow{dr}}</math>

Here is a graphical example of the integral.

[[File:Graphes.png]]

===Computational Model===

[[File:Spring-Mass Motion along an axis.jpg|thumb|Spring-Mass Motion along an axis]]
[<https://trinket.io/glowscript/49f7c0f35f> Model of an Oscilating Spring]

This model shows both the total work and the work done by a spring on a ball attached to a vertical spring. The work done by the spring oscillates because the work is negative when the ball is moving away from the resting state and is positive when the ball moves towards it.

Because gravity causes the ball’s minimum position to be further from the spring’s resting length than its maximum position could be, the work is more negative when the ball approaches its minimum height.

The code works by using small time steps of 0.01 seconds and finding the work done in each time step. Work is the summation of all of the work done in each time step, so another step makes sure the value for work is cumulative.

====Modeling Non-Constant Forces in VPython====

[[File:Spring-Mass Motion in a 2-D plane.jpg|thumb|Spring-Mass Motion in a 2-D plane]]
As shown in this trinket model, [https://trinket.io/glowscript/c26c4c2637 Planer Motion of a Spring-Mass System], computational models can also be used in predicting non-constant forces in multiple directions.

#intialize conditions
#calculation loop
#calculate/update force at every time step
L = ball.pos - spring.pos
Lhat = norm(L)
s = mag(L) - L0
Fspring = -(ks * s) * Lhat
#apply momentum principle
ball.p = ball.p + (Fspring + Fgravity) * deltat
#update positions
#update time

==Examples==

===Simple===

Situation
A box is pushed to the East 10 meters by a force of 40 N, then it is pushed to the north 8 meters by a force of 60 N.
Calculate the total work done on the box.

Diagram

[[File:Simple1.JPG]]

Solution

<math> W = \sum\overrightarrow{F}\bullet\Delta\overrightarrow{r} </math>

<math> W = 40N \bullet\ 10m + 60N \bullet\ 8m </math>

<math> W = 40N \bullet\ 10m + 60N \bullet\ 8m </math>

<math> W = 880 J </math>

===Middling===

Background
We know that the formula for force is <math> F=ks </math>, where <math> s </math> is the distance the spring is stretched.
If we integrate this with respect to <math> s </math>, we find that <math> W=.5ks^2 </math> is the formula for work.

<math> W=\int\limits_{i}^{f}\overrightarrow{k}\bullet\overrightarrow{ds} = .5ks^2 </math>

Situation

Say that we want to find the work done by a horizontal spring with spring constant k=70 N/m as it moves an object 10 cm.

Diagram

[[File:Middle1.JPG]]

Solution

Using the formula W=.5ks2 that we derived from F=ks, we can calculate that the work done by the spring is 0.35 J.

<math> W=\int\limits_{0}^{10}70\bullet\overrightarrow{ds}=.5ks^2=.5(70)(0.10^2)=0.35 J </math>

===Difficult===

Situation

The earth does work on an asteroid approaching from an initial distance d.
How much work is done on the asteroid by gravity before it hits the earth’s surface?

Diagram

[[File:Diff1.JPG]]

Solution

First, we must recall the formula for gravitational force.

Because <math> G </math>, <math> M </math>, and <math> m </math> are constants, we can remove them from the integral. We also know that the integral of <math> -1\over r^2 </math> is <math> 1\over r </math>. We then must calculate the integral of <math> –GMm\over d^2 </math> from the initial radius of the asteroid, <math> R </math>, to the radius of the earth, <math> r </math>.

<math> W=-GMm\bullet\int\limits_{R}^{r}{-1\over d^2}\bullet dr </math>

<math> W=-GMm\bullet({1\over r}-{1\over R}) </math>

Our answer will be positive because the forces done by the earth on the asteroid and the direction of the asteroid's displacement are the same.

The sector of physics that interests me the most is when I can see what I am computing. This unit covers spring forces. I can understand how the force is not constant because I can see the spring oscillating and changing positions and the amount of force.

Work done by a Nonconstant force is related to my major, Industrial Engineering, because my major focuses heavily optimization. Understanding how nonconstant forces work will help with machines in the workplace to help optimize efficiency.

On an industrial level, the work needed to fill empty tanks depends on the weight of the liquid, which varies as the tanks fill and empty. Energy conversion in hydroelectric dams depends on the work done by water against turbines, which depends on the flow of water. Windmills work in the same way.

==History==

Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis, famous for discoveries such as the Coriolis effect, is credited with naming the term “work” to define force applied over a distance. Later physicists combined this concept with Newtonian calculus to find work for non-constant forces.

== See also ==

'''Further Reading'''

Book:

Matter and Interactions - 4e Chabay and Sherwood

Article:

[[http://physics.tutorvista.com/forces/non-contact-force.html Non Constant Force]]

[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]

'''External Links'''

[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTkknXVjBl4 Work done by Non Constant Force]]

[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Be81qfgBVc Work done by Constant Force]]

==References==

[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustave-Gaspard-Coriolis]
[http://www.math.northwestern.edu]

[[Category:Energy]]

Created by Justin Vuong

Edited by Chris Mickas

Edited by Yunqing Jia

Edited by Noemi Nath