Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Polarization of an Atom

2016-11-28T04:56:48Z

Aniruddha:

Claimed by Owen Fisher (ofisher3)

Edited by Aniruddha Nadkarni Fall 2016

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

A positive point charge with charge q acts on a an atom as shown below.

[[File:Example5.png]]

What is the electric dipole moment p of the atom?

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math>

<math>E=\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 } \frac{q}{r^2} \hat{r}</math>

<math>p=\frac{\alpha}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 } \frac{q}{r^2} \hat{r}</math>

What is the magnitude and direction of the electric force due to the induced electric field on the point charge? Assume the magnitude of the charge for either end of the dipole is q, and that r is much larger than s.

<math>{|{E_{dipole,axis}}|=\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 } \frac{2q^2s}{r^3} \hat{r}</math>

The <math>q^2</math> in this equation comes from the fact that we multiply the Electric field by the charge it is acting on to get the electric force. The direction of this force will be in the negative x direction, since the negative end of the atom would be polarized closer to the positive point charge, and thus the force acting due to the electric field would also be in that direction.

===Difficult===
[[File:Difficult Question.JPG]]

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.
*The polarization of atoms is what causes something known as van Der Waals forces, which are attractive forces between molecules or atoms that are weaker than traditional covalent or ionic bonds, but still play a fundamental role in the behavior of such particles. These forces are what allow creatures like spiders and geckos to scale walls, as the van Der Waals forces between small hairs for spiders and another adhesive material for geckos interact with the particles of the surface being scaled, and are strong enough to support the animal. Using technology that mimics this behavior, mechanical and materials engineering labs have created basic prototypes for tools that can allow humans to scale walls in the same fashion, which could be applied for construction work, rescue utility, and countless other applications.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

[[Category:Fields]]

File:Example5.png

2016-11-28T04:54:57Z

Aniruddha:

Polarization of an Atom

2016-11-28T04:43:26Z

Aniruddha:

Claimed by Owen Fisher (ofisher3)

Edited by Aniruddha Nadkarni Fall 2016

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

===Difficult===
[[File:Difficult Question.JPG]]

*Question: A positively charged point charge has a charge of +q. It is a distance r from an atom and exerts an electric field which induces a dipole with a separation distance s. What is the electric dipole moment p of the atom?

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math>

<math>E=\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 } \frac{q}{r^2} \hat{r}</math>

<math>p=\frac{\alpha}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 } \frac{q}{r^2} \hat{r}</math>
What is the magnitude and direction of the electric force due to the induced electric field on the point charge? Assume the magnitude of the charge for either end of the dipole is q. See diagram below.

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.
*The polarization of atoms is what causes something known as van Der Waals forces, which are attractive forces between molecules or atoms that are weaker than traditional covalent or ionic bonds, but still play a fundamental role in the behavior of such particles. These forces are what allow creatures like spiders and geckos to scale walls, as the van Der Waals forces between small hairs for spiders and another adhesive material for geckos interact with the particles of the surface being scaled, and are strong enough to support the animal. Using technology that mimics this behavior, mechanical and materials engineering labs have created basic prototypes for tools that can allow humans to scale walls in the same fashion, which could be applied for construction work, rescue utility, and countless other applications.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2016-11-28T04:14:11Z

Aniruddha:

Claimed by Owen Fisher (ofisher3)

Edited by Aniruddha Nadkarni Fall 2016

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

===Difficult===
[[File:Difficult Question.JPG]]

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.
*The polarization of atoms is what causes something known as van Der Waals forces, which are attractive forces between molecules or atoms that are weaker than traditional covalent or ionic bonds, but still play a fundamental role in the behavior of such particles. These forces are what allow creatures like spiders and geckos to scale walls, as the van Der Waals forces between small hairs for spiders and another adhesive material for geckos interact with the particles of the surface being scaled, and are strong enough to support the animal. Using technology that mimics this behavior, mechanical and materials engineering labs have created basic prototypes for tools that can allow humans to scale walls in the same fashion, which could be applied for construction work, rescue utility, and countless other applications.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

[[Category:Fields]]

Main Page

2016-11-28T02:21:58Z

Aniruddha: /* Electric force */

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<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Help with VPython====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Vectors and Units====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
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*[[SI Units]]
</div>
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity and Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Momentum and the Momentum Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
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*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
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===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
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====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
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</div>
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Fundamental Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[An Application of Gravitational Potential]]
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*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conservation of Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
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====Properties of Matter====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
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</div>
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===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Identifying Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Inclined Plane]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Curving Motion====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Energy Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Work by Non-Constant Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Multiparticle Systems====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Choice of System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rotational and Vibrational Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Different Models of a System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Models of Friction====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Collisions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rotations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Angular Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Introduction to Quantum Concepts====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Field and Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy - Claimed by Janki Patel]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of a Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a Charged Disk====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Disk]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
**In an electric circuit in series, electrons flow from the negative end of a power source, creating a constant current. This current remains consistent at each point in the circuit in series. Sometimes, a circuit is not simply one constant path and may include parts that are in parallel, where the current must travel down two paths such as this:
**[[File:noderule.jpg]]
**In this case, when the current enters a portion of the circuit where the items are in parallel, the total amount of current in must equal the total amount of current out. Therefore, the currents in each branch of the parallel portion must sum up to the amount of current at any other point in series in the circuit.
**For the previous image, the node rules can be written as I_total = I_1 + I_2 and I_total = I_3 + I_4. It is also true that I_1 + I_2 = I_3 + I_4.
**However, each of these currents are different because each point has a different resistance. The current is different for each because it is equal to V/R, and in a parallel circuit, the voltage drop across each point is equal.
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hall effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Motional EMF====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[RLC Circuits]]
*[[LR Circuits]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
*[[Current in an RL Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==== Electromagnetic Radiation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Radiation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

==Model==

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-11-07T02:07:48Z

Aniruddha: /* Electric field of a point particle */

__NOTOC__
= '''Georgia Tech Student Wiki for Introductory Physics.''' =

This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
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== Source Material ==
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* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===
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====Help with VPython====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

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====Vectors and Units====
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*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI Units]]
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</div>

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====Interactions====
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*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]
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====Velocity and Momentum====
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*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
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====Momentum and the Momentum Principle====
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*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

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====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force====
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*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
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====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force====
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*[[Analytical Prediction]]
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</div>

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====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force====
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*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
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====Fundamental Interactions====
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*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
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</div>

===Week 5===
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====Conservation of Momentum====
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*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
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</div>
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====Properties of Matter====
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*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young's Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
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====Identifying Forces====
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*[[Free Body Diagram]]
Claimed by pg66
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Curving Motion====
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*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
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====Energy Principle====
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*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
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====Work by Non-Constant Forces====
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*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
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====Potential Energy====
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*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
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====Multiparticle Systems====
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*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
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====Choice of System====
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*[[System & Surroundings]]
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</div>
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====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy====
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*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
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====Rotational and Vibrational Energy====
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*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
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</div>

===Week 11===
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====Different Models of a System====
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*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
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</div>
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====Models of Friction====
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*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
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</div>

===Week 12===
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====Collisions====
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*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
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====Rotations====
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*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
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</div>
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====Angular Momentum====
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*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
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====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque====
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*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
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====Introduction to Quantum Concepts====
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*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
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</div>
</div>

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==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
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====3D Vectors====
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*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

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====Electric field====
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*[[Electric Field]]
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</div>

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====Electric force====
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*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Aniruddha Nadkarni

====Electric field of a point particle====
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*[[Point Charge]]
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</div>

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====Superposition====
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*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
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</div>

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====Dipoles====
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*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
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====Interactions of charged objects====
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*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

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====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

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====Polarization====
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*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
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===Week 3===
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====Insulators====
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*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

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====Conductors====
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*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

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====Charging and discharging====
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*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
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====Field of a charged rod====
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*[[Charged Rod]]
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</div>

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====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
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*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

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====Field of a charged sphere====
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*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
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====Potential energy====
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*[[Potential Energy - Claimed by Janki Patel]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
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*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
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====Sign of a potential difference====
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*[[Sign of a Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
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====Potential at a single location====
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*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
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*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
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====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
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*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
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====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
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*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
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====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
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====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
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*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Curent]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
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*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

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====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
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*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

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====Magnetic dipoles====
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*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

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====Atomic structure of magnets====
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*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
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====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
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*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
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====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

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====Velocity selector====
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*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
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====The Hall effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
</div>
</div>

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====Motional EMF====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

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====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

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====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

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====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
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====Semiconductors====
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*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
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====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
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==== Electromagnetic Radiation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Radiation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

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==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
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====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
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====Particle Physics====
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*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
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