http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Ashook6Physics Book - User contributions [en]2026-04-29T01:34:57ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.42.7http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=19335Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T03:57:17Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>\ tan(theta) = \frac{n2}{n1} </math><br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2.<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. Further, understanding the angle of refraction could also be beneficial in inferring properties of different materials. <br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=19301Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T03:52:30Z<p>Ashook6: /* Brewster's angle */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>\ tan(theta) = \frac{n2}{n1} </math><br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2.<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. Further, understanding the angle of refraction could also be beneficial in inferring properties of different materials. <br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=19290Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T03:51:21Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>\ tan{/theta} = \frac{n2}{n1} </math><br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. Further, understanding the angle of refraction could also be beneficial in inferring properties of different materials. <br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17854Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T01:17:56Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>\ tan{theta} = \frac{n2}{n1} </math><br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. <br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17849Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T01:17:17Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>\ tan{d\theta} = \frac{n2}{n1} </math><br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. <br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17813Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T01:13:53Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>\ tan(theta) = \frac{n2}{n1} </math><br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. <br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17801Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T01:12:49Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>\ tan(theta) = \frac{n2}/{n1} </math><br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. <br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17786Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T01:11:33Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>\ tan(theta) = frac{n2}/{n1} </math><br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. <br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17780Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T01:10:30Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>\tan(theta) = frac{n2}/{n1}\<br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. <br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17753Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T01:08:19Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: <math>/tan(theta) = n2/n1 /<br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. <br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17725Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T01:06:36Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: tan(theta) = n2/n1 <br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
[[File:Brewster-angle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Brewster's Angle]]<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lighthouse]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
Many of Brewster's discoveries are still in use today including his contributions to the lighthouse. Brewster's angle is also used when determining the reflection of light in certain materials. Understanding this reflection of light is important in many engineering applications. <br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17648Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T01:00:51Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: tan(theta) = n2/n1 <br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
[[File:brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Brewster's Angle]]<br />
<br />
===Metallic Reflection===<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
===Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity===<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
[[File:lighthouse.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Brewster's Angle]] <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=17627Sir David Brewster2015-12-06T00:59:18Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: tan(theta) = n2/n1 <br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
[[File:brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Brewster's Angle]]<br />
<br />
==Metallic Reflection==<br />
<br />
Brewster used successive reflections to increase the degree of polarization and discovered that light reflected by metals was neither plane nor circular but elliptical and polarized. He was able to create laws that accurately predicted the quantities and angles of polarization of light. <br />
<br />
==Optical Mineralogy and Photoelasticity==<br />
<br />
In 1813 he observed that two sets of elliptical rings from the depolarization of topaz centered on axes at 65 degrees. He then determined that topaz has two axes instead of one. After many years of research and examining hundreds of minerals, Brewster was able to categorize minerals into optical and mineralogical categories. <br />
<br />
Through this research, Brewster observed that heat and pressure could produce or change a doubly refracting structure in uncrystallized, crystallized, or organic bodies. From this he was able to create equations to predict the shapes, numbers, and colors of patterns that would be produced by changes in configuration, temperature, pressure, and method of observation.<br />
<br />
==Lighthouses==<br />
<br />
One of most important effects of Brewster's optical discoveries went into the improvement of the lighthouse system. The new lens adopted in 1823 was technically created by a French scientist named Fresnel but Sir David Brewster was working on similar projects at the same time. Sir David Brewster eventually convinced the British authorities to adopt these lenses into lighthouses. These new lenses increased the luminosity of the lighthouse by a factor of 4 and is still in common use today. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=14629Sir David Brewster2015-12-05T18:35:17Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: tan(theta) = n2/n1 <br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
[[File:brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Brewster's Angle]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12537Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T21:03:05Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: tan(theta) = n2/n1 <br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
[[File:Brewsterangle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Brewster's Angle]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12534Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T21:02:18Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: tan(theta) = n2/n1 <br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
[[File:brewsterangle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Brewster's Angle]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12528Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T21:01:04Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Law of Polarization by Reflection===<br />
<br />
Earlier researchers had concluded that the "the polarizing angle neither follow the order of the refractive power nor that of the dispersive forces," However, Brewster did not believe this was accurate. Through many experiments and observations, Brewster concluded that “measures for water and the precious stones afforded a surprising coincidence between the indices of refraction and the polarizing angles; but the results for glass formed an exception, and resisted every method of classification.” Brewster believed that this was due to chemical changes on the surface of the glass. Brewster then concluded that the "index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization."<br />
<br />
====Brewster's angle====<br />
<br />
Brewster's angle refers to the angle at which the glare off of the gel's surface is most polarized, thus allowing for a maximum amount of light to be removed by the polarizer.<br />
<br />
Equation: tan(theta) = n2/n1 <br />
<br />
When n1 is considered to be the index of refraction of air, the tangent of Brewster's angle is approximately equal to the index of refraction of the gel, n2. <br />
<br />
[[File:angle.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Brewster's Angle]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/David_Brewster.aspx<br />
http://www.phy.davidson.edu/FacHome/dmb/EdibleOpticalMaterials/find_n_background.htm<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12495Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T20:40:16Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Physical Models===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Further Contributions==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster's contributions also extended past that of his discoveries. He was a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine. Along with a friend, Brewster helped to launch the Edinburgh Encyclopedia in 1808. Brewster was also a leading contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica with his main articles centered on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, voltaic electricity and much more. In all, Brewster contributed between three and four hundred papers. Seventy five of his articles appeared in the North British review. One of his most influential works does not focus on his findings at all but rather on the biography of Newton. In this he summarized the writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. This work took him over than 25 years to complete as it called for investigation of original manuscripts and all other available sources. <br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12468Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T20:26:40Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===Physical Models===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
The main thing to remember about Sir David Brewster is not that his contribution to society was not solely mathematical. He was a keen observer and classifier of facts rather than a theorizer. Many of the laws he established came from many repeated experiments. According to Forbes, "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization, of biaxal crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." <br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
===Middling===<br />
===Difficult===<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824)<br />
*Treatise on Optics (1831)<br />
*Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1831)<br />
*The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brake, and Kepler (1841)<br />
*More Worlds than One (1854)*<br />
*The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by his daughter Mrs Gordon<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
http://creation.com/sir-david-brewster-scientist-creationist-preacher<br />
http://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Brewster<br />
http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BRE/david-brewster.html<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12447Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T20:19:19Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:David-Brewster.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sir David Brewster]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Contribution to Physics===<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===A Computational Model===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
===Middling===<br />
===Difficult===<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12430Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T20:15:02Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
[[File:sir_david_brewster.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]<br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Contribution to Physics===<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===A Computational Model===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
===Middling===<br />
===Difficult===<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12426Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T20:14:09Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Contribution to Physics===<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kaleidoscope Crystals]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===A Computational Model===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
===Middling===<br />
===Difficult===<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12425Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T20:13:23Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Contribution to Physics===<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===A Computational Model===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
===Middling===<br />
===Difficult===<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12421Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T20:12:19Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Contribution to Physics===<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. <br />
His main contributions include:<br />
<br />
*The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction.<br />
*The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure.<br />
*The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena.<br />
*The laws of metallic reflection <br />
*Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===A Computational Model===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
===Middling===<br />
===Difficult===<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=12382Sir David Brewster2015-12-04T19:54:48Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghsire, Scotland on December 11, 1781. Brewster attended the University of Edinburgh at age 12 for ministry but his interest in science led him to not pursue this profession. He was named a minister of the Church of Scotland but would only preach from the pulpit on one occasion. Brewster would then begin to study different physical phenomenon such as diffraction, reflection, and light absorption for the remainder of his life. In 1831, David Brewster was knighted. In 1838, Brewster became the principal for the United College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard of the University of St. Andrews and in 1859 became principal of the University of Edinburgh. <br />
<br />
Brewster was married twice. His first wife was Juliet McPherson. Together, they had four sons and a daughter. After the death of his first wife, Brewster married again in 1857 to Jane Kirk Purnell. <br />
<br />
Sir David Brewster died at the age of 87 on February 10, 1868 shortly after contracting penumonia. Shortly before his death he simply said "I shall see Jesus and that will be grand. I shall see Him who made the worlds. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Contribution to Physics===<br />
<br />
Brewster's work came mainly from his work on optics. His main contributions include 1) The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction. 2) The discovery of of the polarizing structure induced by heat and pressure. 3)The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena. 4)The laws of metallic reflection 5) Experiments on the absorption of light. <br />
<br />
From these discoveries, Brewster created the now famous kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope gained much popularity around Europe and Brewster became somewhat of a celebrity for a time. He face was even printed on a cigar box. Even though Brewster patented his invention, a model of the kaleidoscope reached London before the patent could be completed so Brewster did not reap any the financial benefits even though the invention was very successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:kaleidoscope.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Another useful device that came from these discoveries was in the form of the spectroscope. Although Brewster cannot be credited with the invention of the stereoscope since many other scientists were working on the same ideas at the same time as Brewster, his contribution came from suggesting to prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures. Therefore, Brewster is often credited with the invention of the lenticular stereoscope. <br />
<br />
===A Computational Model===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
===Middling===<br />
===Difficult===<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=4948Sir David Brewster2015-11-30T22:30:36Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Contribution to Physics==</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=4946Sir David Brewster2015-11-30T22:29:50Z<p>Ashook6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Sir_David_Brewster&diff=4197Sir David Brewster2015-11-30T04:43:05Z<p>Ashook6: Created page with "Claimed by ashook6"</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by ashook6</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4196Main Page2015-11-30T04:42:47Z<p>Ashook6: /* Notable Scientists */</p>
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== Source Material ==<br />
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br />
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br />
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br />
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br />
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br />
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br />
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br />
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br />
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br />
<br />
== Organizing Categories ==<br />
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
===Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Kinds of Matter]]<br />
*[[Detecting Interactions]]<br />
*[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br />
*[[System & Surroundings]] <br />
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Force]]<br />
*[[Terminal Velocity and Friction Due to Air]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Theory===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br />
*[[Quantum Theory]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Notable Scientists===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Albert Einstein]]<br />
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br />
*[[Joseph Henry]]<br />
*[[Michael Faraday]]<br />
*[[J.J. Thomson]]<br />
*[[James Maxwell]]<br />
*[[Robert Hooke]]<br />
*[[Marie Curie]]<br />
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br />
*[[Nikola Tesla]]<br />
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br />
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br />
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br />
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br />
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br />
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]<br />
*[[Enrico Fermi]]<br />
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br />
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br />
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br />
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br />
*[[Niels Bohr]]<br />
*[[Georg Ohm]]<br />
*[[Galileo Galilei]]<br />
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br />
*[[Max Planck]]<br />
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br />
*[[Edwin Hall]]<br />
*[[James Watt]]<br />
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]<br />
*[[Richard Feynman]]<br />
*[[Sir David Brewster]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Properties of Matter===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Mass]]<br />
*[[Velocity]]<br />
*[[Density]]<br />
*[[Charge]]<br />
*[[Spin]]<br />
*[[SI Units]]<br />
*[[Heat Capacity]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Contact Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Young's Modulus]]<br />
* [[Friction]]<br />
* [[Tension]]<br />
* [[Hooke's Law]]<br />
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br />
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br />
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Vectors]]<br />
* [[Kinematics]]<br />
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br />
* [[Momentum Principle]]<br />
* [[Impulse Momentum]]<br />
* [[Curving Motion]]<br />
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br />
* [[Iterative Prediction]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Angular Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br />
* [[Rotation]]<br />
* [[Torque]]<br />
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br />
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br />
* [[Right Hand Rule]]<br />
* [[Angular Velocity]]<br />
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]<br />
* [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Energy===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[The Energy Principle]]<br />
*[[Predicting Change]]<br />
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br />
*[[Kinetic Energy]]<br />
*[[Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Work]]<br />
*[[Thermal Energy]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Energy]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Point Particle Systems]]<br />
*[[Real Systems]]<br />
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Internal Energy]]<br />
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br />
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br />
*[[Power]]<br />
*[[Energy Graphs]]<br />
*[[Photons]]<br />
*[[Air Resistance]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Collisions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Collisions]]<br />
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br />
*[[Elastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br />
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Daniel Chung was here]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Fields===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Electric Field]] of a<br />
** [[Point Charge]]<br />
** [[Electric Dipole]]<br />
** [[Capacitor]]<br />
** [[Charged Rod]]<br />
** [[Charged Ring]]<br />
** [[Charged Disk]]<br />
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br />
** [[Charged Cylinder]]<br />
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]] <br />
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Polarization]]<br />
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br />
**[[Bar Magnet]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
**[[Hall Effect]]<br />
**[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br />
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Sparks in Air]]<br />
**[[Motional Emf]]<br />
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Moving Point Charge]]<br />
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br />
**[[Motors and Generators]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Simple Circuits===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Components]]<br />
*[[Steady State]]<br />
*[[Non Steady State]]<br />
*[[Node Rule]]<br />
*[[Loop Rule]]<br />
*[[Power in a circuit]]<br />
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br />
*[[Current]]<br />
*[[Ohm's Law]]<br />
*[[RC]]<br />
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br />
*[[RL Circuit]]<br />
*[[LC Circuit]]<br />
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]<br />
*[[Feedback]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Maxwell's Equations===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br />
**[[Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Fields]]<br />
*[[Ampere's Law]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Faraday's Law]]<br />
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Inductance]]<br />
**[[Lenz's Law]]<br />
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br />
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br />
**[[Superconducters]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Radiation===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br />
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br />
*[[Lenses]]<br />
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br />
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br />
*[[Snell's Law]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Sound===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Doppler Effect]]<br />
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]<br />
*[[Resonance]]<br />
*[[Sound Barrier]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
*[[blahb]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br />
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br />
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br />
* An overview of [[VPython]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4085Main Page2015-11-30T02:59:56Z<p>Ashook6: /* Notable Scientists */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br />
<br />
Looking to make a contribution?<br />
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br />
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br />
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br />
<br />
Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br />
<br />
== Source Material ==<br />
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br />
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br />
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br />
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br />
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br />
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br />
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br />
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br />
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br />
<br />
== Organizing Categories ==<br />
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
===Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Kinds of Matter]]<br />
*[[Detecting Interactions]]<br />
*[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br />
*[[System & Surroundings]] <br />
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Force]]<br />
*[[Terminal Velocity and Friction Due to Air]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Theory===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br />
*[[Quantum Theory]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Notable Scientists===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Albert Einstein]]<br />
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br />
*[[Joseph Henry]]<br />
*[[Michael Faraday]]<br />
*[[J.J. Thomson]]<br />
*[[James Maxwell]]<br />
*[[Robert Hooke]]<br />
*[[Marie Curie]]<br />
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br />
*[[Nikola Tesla]]<br />
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br />
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br />
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br />
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br />
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br />
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]<br />
*[[Enrico Fermi]]<br />
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br />
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br />
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br />
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br />
*[[Niels Bohr]]<br />
*[[Georg Ohm]]<br />
*[[Galileo Galilei]]<br />
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br />
*[[Max Planck]]<br />
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br />
*[[Edwin Hall]]<br />
*[[James Watt]]<br />
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Properties of Matter===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Mass]]<br />
*[[Velocity]]<br />
*[[Density]]<br />
*[[Charge]]<br />
*[[Spin]]<br />
*[[SI Units]]<br />
*[[Heat Capacity]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Contact Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Young's Modulus]]<br />
* [[Friction]]<br />
* [[Tension]]<br />
* [[Hooke's Law]]<br />
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br />
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br />
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Vectors]]<br />
* [[Kinematics]]<br />
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br />
* [[Momentum Principle]]<br />
* [[Impulse Momentum]]<br />
* [[Curving Motion]]<br />
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br />
* [[Iterative Prediction]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Angular Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br />
* [[Rotation]]<br />
* [[Torque]]<br />
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br />
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br />
* [[Right Hand Rule]]<br />
* [[Angular Velocity]]<br />
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]<br />
* [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Energy===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[The Energy Principle]]<br />
*[[Predicting Change]]<br />
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br />
*[[Kinetic Energy]]<br />
*[[Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Work]]<br />
*[[Thermal Energy]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Energy]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Point Particle Systems]]<br />
*[[Real Systems]]<br />
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Internal Energy]]<br />
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br />
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br />
*[[Power]]<br />
*[[Energy Graphs]]<br />
*[[Photons]]<br />
*[[Air Resistance]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Collisions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Collisions]]<br />
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br />
*[[Elastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br />
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Fields===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Electric Field]] of a<br />
** [[Point Charge]]<br />
** [[Electric Dipole]]<br />
** [[Capacitor]]<br />
** [[Charged Rod]]<br />
** [[Charged Ring]]<br />
** [[Charged Disk]]<br />
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br />
** [[Charged Cylinder]]<br />
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]] <br />
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Polarization]]<br />
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br />
**[[Bar Magnet]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
**[[Hall Effect]]<br />
**[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br />
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Sparks in Air]]<br />
**[[Motional Emf]]<br />
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Moving Point Charge]]<br />
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br />
**[[Motors and Generators]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Simple Circuits===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Components]]<br />
*[[Steady State]]<br />
*[[Non Steady State]]<br />
*[[Node Rule]]<br />
*[[Loop Rule]]<br />
*[[Power in a circuit]]<br />
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br />
*[[Current]]<br />
*[[Ohm's Law]]<br />
*[[RC]]<br />
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br />
*[[RL Circuit]]<br />
*[[LC Circuit]]<br />
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]<br />
*[[Feedback]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Maxwell's Equations===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br />
**[[Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Fields]]<br />
*[[Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Faraday's Law]]<br />
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Inductance]]<br />
**[[Lenz's Law]]<br />
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br />
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br />
**[[Superconducters]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Radiation===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br />
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br />
*[[Lenses]]<br />
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br />
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Sound===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Doppler Effect]]<br />
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]<br />
*[[Resonance]]<br />
*[[Sound Barrier]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
*[[blahb]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br />
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br />
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br />
* An overview of [[VPython]]</div>Ashook6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4082Main Page2015-11-30T02:58:50Z<p>Ashook6: /* Notable Scientists */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br />
<br />
Looking to make a contribution?<br />
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br />
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br />
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br />
<br />
Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br />
<br />
== Source Material ==<br />
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br />
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br />
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br />
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br />
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br />
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br />
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br />
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br />
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br />
<br />
== Organizing Categories ==<br />
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br />
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===Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Kinds of Matter]]<br />
*[[Detecting Interactions]]<br />
*[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br />
*[[System & Surroundings]] <br />
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Force]]<br />
*[[Terminal Velocity and Friction Due to Air]]<br />
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</div><br />
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Theory===<br />
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*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br />
*[[Quantum Theory]]<br />
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<br />
===Notable Scientists===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Albert Einstein]]<br />
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br />
*[[Joseph Henry]]<br />
*[[Michael Faraday]]<br />
*[[J.J. Thomson]]<br />
*[[James Maxwell]]<br />
*[[Robert Hooke]]<br />
*[[Marie Curie]]<br />
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br />
*[[Nikola Tesla]]<br />
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br />
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br />
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br />
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br />
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br />
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]<br />
*[[Enrico Fermi]]<br />
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br />
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br />
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br />
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br />
*[[Niels Bohr]]<br />
*[[Georg Ohm]]<br />
*[[Galileo Galilei]]<br />
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br />
*[[Max Planck]]<br />
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br />
*[[Edwin Hall]]<br />
*[[James Watt]]<br />
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]<br />
*[[Sir David Brewster]]<br />
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</div><br />
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Properties of Matter===<br />
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*[[Mass]]<br />
*[[Velocity]]<br />
*[[Density]]<br />
*[[Charge]]<br />
*[[Spin]]<br />
*[[SI Units]]<br />
*[[Heat Capacity]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<br />
===Contact Interactions===<br />
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* [[Young's Modulus]]<br />
* [[Friction]]<br />
* [[Tension]]<br />
* [[Hooke's Law]]<br />
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br />
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br />
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br />
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</div><br />
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
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===Momentum===<br />
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* [[Vectors]]<br />
* [[Kinematics]]<br />
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br />
* [[Momentum Principle]]<br />
* [[Impulse Momentum]]<br />
* [[Curving Motion]]<br />
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br />
* [[Iterative Prediction]]<br />
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</div><br />
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
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===Angular Momentum===<br />
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* [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br />
* [[Rotation]]<br />
* [[Torque]]<br />
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br />
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br />
* [[Right Hand Rule]]<br />
* [[Angular Velocity]]<br />
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]<br />
* [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]<br />
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</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Energy===<br />
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*[[The Energy Principle]]<br />
*[[Predicting Change]]<br />
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br />
*[[Kinetic Energy]]<br />
*[[Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Work]]<br />
*[[Thermal Energy]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Energy]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Point Particle Systems]]<br />
*[[Real Systems]]<br />
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Internal Energy]]<br />
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br />
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br />
*[[Power]]<br />
*[[Energy Graphs]]<br />
*[[Photons]]<br />
*[[Air Resistance]]<br />
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</div><br />
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
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===Collisions===<br />
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*[[Collisions]]<br />
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br />
*[[Elastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br />
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br />
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</div><br />
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<br />
===Fields===<br />
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* [[Electric Field]] of a<br />
** [[Point Charge]]<br />
** [[Electric Dipole]]<br />
** [[Capacitor]]<br />
** [[Charged Rod]]<br />
** [[Charged Ring]]<br />
** [[Charged Disk]]<br />
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br />
** [[Charged Cylinder]]<br />
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]] <br />
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Polarization]]<br />
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br />
**[[Bar Magnet]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
**[[Hall Effect]]<br />
**[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br />
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Sparks in Air]]<br />
**[[Motional Emf]]<br />
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Moving Point Charge]]<br />
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br />
**[[Motors and Generators]]<br />
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</div><br />
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
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===Simple Circuits===<br />
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*[[Components]]<br />
*[[Steady State]]<br />
*[[Non Steady State]]<br />
*[[Node Rule]]<br />
*[[Loop Rule]]<br />
*[[Power in a circuit]]<br />
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br />
*[[Current]]<br />
*[[Ohm's Law]]<br />
*[[RC]]<br />
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br />
*[[RL Circuit]]<br />
*[[LC Circuit]]<br />
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]<br />
*[[Feedback]]<br />
</div><br />
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Maxwell's Equations===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br />
**[[Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Fields]]<br />
*[[Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Faraday's Law]]<br />
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Inductance]]<br />
**[[Lenz's Law]]<br />
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br />
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br />
**[[Superconducters]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
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===Radiation===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br />
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br />
*[[Lenses]]<br />
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br />
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Sound===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Doppler Effect]]<br />
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]<br />
*[[Resonance]]<br />
*[[Sound Barrier]]<br />
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</div><br />
*[[blahb]]<br />
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</div><br />
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== Resources ==<br />
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br />
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br />
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br />
* An overview of [[VPython]]</div>Ashook6