Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Osborne Reynolds

2015-12-05T23:01:29Z

Cwalton8:

claimed by Charlene Walton (cwalton8) 12.05.2015

'''Osborne Reynolds''' (August 23 1842 – February 23 1912) was the pioneer and main contributor of fundamental fluid dynamics.
His scientific research on flow contributed to the Reynolds number, Reynolds analogy, Naiver-Stokes equation, Reynolds stress
and Reynolds decomposition in order to predict the speed and mass of fluids at a given period of time.

[[File:Reynolds_Profile.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
===Early Life===
Osborne Reynolds was born in Belfast, Ireland to Osborne Reynolds Sr. He followed the footsteps of his father and attended Queen's college and graduated in 1867 as the seventh wrangler in mathematics. He soon after worked in London with Lawson and Masergy but focused more on his academic research and teaching a year later when he was elected the first professor of engineering at Owen's College. During his first years as a chair, Osborne career began rocky. During his time as chair, Osborne marries Charlotte Jemima Chadwick, who, unfortunately dies from peritonitis during child birth. After her death, Osborne steps down as chair and focuses more on his teaching, research and his newly born son. During his initial years as a teacher, Osborne was forced to focus on "out of door" physics (i.e. tails of comets, solar corona,electric properties of clouds), since he did not have a physics research lab available to him to conduct research. This initial focus on "out of door" sparked his interest in fluid dynamics and hydrostatics. His focuses shifted from calculating and observing tails of comets to formation of raindrops and understanding how tree trunks burst after being struck by lighting. His observational studies had lead to the formation of his first significant study on the link between friction and heat transfer. His interest progressed on fluids and flow centered around surface waves deep in the ocean and fluid pipes used in machinery. However, his lack of a physics laboratory limited his scientific contributes. It was not until 1887, after much convincing of the Senate, that Reynolds was able to obtain his own research laboratory. It was in his laboratory that he was able to formulate equations and experiments that are well known today.

===Scientific Career===
In 1877, Osborne was elected fellow of the Royal Society due to his scientific contributions and equations. In 1895, years after Reynolds obtained his scientific research laboratory, Reynolds adopts Reynolds decomposition and Reynolds stress equations. Reynolds decomposition and Reynolds stress equations all seemed from his initial observation studies on friction and heat transfer in order to determine the velocity of a fluid body. The equations help determine the speed of fluids and determine the direction to create a well understood velocity profile of that fluid. His smaller observational and experimental studies created the foundation of his late studies and late paper on determining the mechanical equivalence of heat.

===Final Years===
During his final years, Osborne wrote and published a paper on film lubrication based on his frictional studies. He later embarked on a large-scale experiment to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat for any given object. HIs final paper, The Sub-Mechanics of the Universe, Vol. 3, focused on creating a general study and understanding of the mechanics of everyday objects. However, the paper was not publish until after his death. In 1905, Osborne retired from his teaching and researching position at Owens College. In February 1912, Osborne Reynolds died at the age of 70.

==Scientific Contributions==

Reynolds scientific research and studies contributed to the formation of Reynolds number, a known number that can help determine whether a fluid is under turbulent or laminar flow. Reynolds decomposition, Reynolds stress, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, Reynolds' dilatancy, Reynolds operator all came from his scientific studies and observations. The foundation of creating velocity profiles and understanding the flow of mass and fluids in a given surface area begin with these equations and values.

==Mathematical Equations ==
Reynolds Analogy:

[[File:Reynolds_analogy.gif]]

Reynolds Number:

[[File:Reynolds_number.jpg]]

Reynolds Transport Theorem:

[[File:RTT.png]]

Naiver-Stokes Equation:

[[File:Naiver_stokes.png]]

==Historical Context==

One of the initial major limitations of Reynolds's work was the lack of physics laboratories available to teachers. His initial work, along with many other physicists, focused on "out of door" mathematical observations. It wasn't until after he received his scientific lab that Reynolds was able to conduct his mechanical heat transfer studies. Even then, his work got little recognition in the scientific community since fluid dynamics had small recognition at the time. Scientific discoveries at the time focused more on large scale contributions to physics. Most of Reynolds work gained recognition in the mid-late 20th century when fluid dynamics studies surfaced.

==Connectedness==
Reynolds number is a major contributor of thermodynamics and heat transfer. It explains how fluids in a given boundary layer will react and creates a velocity profile to predict flow. As a biomedical engineering major, I consistently use Reynolds number and Naiver stokes equation in order to determine the flow of blood in the circulatory system. Fluid dynamics is one of the universal topics used by a multitude of majors including aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering. It provides vital information about the flow of fluids that we use in everyday life. An example of a real world application of Reynolds number can be seen in hemodynamics. Naiver stoke equations are often used when looking at the flow of blood in patients that have a plaques in their arteries. It helps determine how the speed of the blood has changed with this blockage and can be used to determine what their risks are for hemorrhaging.

== See also ==

===Further reading===

Gresham, R.M. "So who was this Osborne Reynolds guy, anyway?" Tribology and Lubrication Technology, September 2014, 70(9):22-23.

===External links===
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa-RSKv7SRU&list=PL0jAiXLfdUJBAoYmevhgcao62CBX9fIlF&index=2

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Reynolds.html

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Osborne-Reynolds

==References==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa-RSKv7SRU&list=PL0jAiXLfdUJBAoYmevhgcao62CBX9fIlF&index=2

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Reynolds.html

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Osborne Reynolds

2015-12-05T23:01:02Z

Cwalton8:

2015-12-05T22:56:36Z

Cwalton8:

2015-12-05T22:11:39Z

Cwalton8:

claimed by Charlene Walton (cwalton8) 12.05.2015

'''Osborne Reynolds''' (August 23 1842 – February 23 1912) was the pioneer and main contributor of fundamental fluid dynamics.
His scientific research on flow contributed to the Reynolds number, Reynolds analogy, Naiver-Stokes equation, Reynolds stress
and Reynolds decomposition in order to predict the speed and mass of fluids at a given period of time.

[[File:Reynolds1.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
===Early Life===
Osborne Reynolds was born in Belfast, Ireland to Osborne Reynolds Sr. He followed the footsteps of his father and attended Queen's college and graduated in 1867 as the seventh wrangler in mathematics. He soon after worked in London with Lawson and Masergy but focused more on his academic research and teaching a year later when he was elected the first professor of engineering at Owen's College. During his first years as a chair, Osborne career began rocky. During his time as chair, Osborne marries Charlotte Jemima Chadwick, who, unfortunately dies from peritonitis during child birth. After her death, Osborne steps down as chair and focuses more on his teaching, research and his newly born son. During his initial years as a teacher, Osborne was forced to focus on "out of door" physics (i.e. tails of comets, solar corona,electric properties of clouds), since he did not have a physics research lab available to him to conduct research. This initial focus on "out of door" sparked his interest in fluid dynamics and hydrostatics. His focuses shifted from calculating and observing tails of comets to formation of raindrops and understanding how tree trunks burst after being struck by lighting. His observational studies had lead to the formation of his first significant study on the link between friction and heat transfer. His interest progressed on fluids and flow centered around surface waves deep in the ocean and fluid pipes used in machinery. However, his lack of a physics laboratory limited his scientific contributes. It was not until 1887, after much convincing of the Senate, that Reynolds was able to obtain his own research laboratory. It was in his laboratory that he was able to formulate equations and experiments that are well known today.

===Scientific Career===
In 1877, Osborne was elected fellow of the Royal Society due to his scientific contributions and equations. In 1895, years after Reynolds obtained his scientific research laboratory, Reynolds adopts Reynolds decomposition and Reynolds stress equations. Reynolds decomposition and Reynolds stress equations all seemed from his initial observation studies on friction and heat transfer in order to determine the velocity of a fluid body. The equations help determine the speed of fluids and determine the direction to create a well understood velocity profile of that fluid. His smaller observational and experimental studies created the foundation of his late studies and late paper on determining the mechanical equivalence of heat.

===Final Years===
During his final years, Osborne wrote and published a paper on film lubrication based on his frictional studies. He later embarked on a large-scale experiment to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat for any given object. HIs final paper, The Sub-Mechanics of the Universe, Vol. 3, focused on creating a general study and understanding of the mechanics of everyday objects. However, the paper was not publish until after his death. In 1905, Osborne retired from his teaching and researching position at Owens College. In February 1912, Osborne Reynolds died at the age of 70.

==Scientific Contributions==

Reynolds scientific research and studies contributed to the formation of Reynolds number, a known number that can help determine whether a fluid is under turbulent or laminar flow. Reynolds decomposition, Reynolds stress, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, Reynolds' dilatancy, Reynolds operator all came from his scientific studies and observations. The foundation of creating velocity profiles and understanding the flow of mass and fluids in a given surface area begin with these equations and values.

==Mathematical Equations ==
Reynolds Number
[[File:Reynoldsnumber.jpg]]
Reynolds Transport Theorem
[[File:RTT.png]]

==Historical Context==

One of the initial major limitations of Reynolds's work was the lack of physics laboratories available to teachers. His initial work, along with many other physicists, focused on "out of door" mathematical observations. It wasn't until after he received his scientific lab that Reynolds was able to conduct his mechanical heat transfer studies. Even then, his work got little recognition in the scientific community since fluid dynamics had small recognition at the time. Scientific discoveries at the time focused more on large scale contributions to physics. Most of Reynolds work gained recognition in the mid-late 20th century when fluid dynamics studies surfaced.

==Connectedness==
Reynolds number is a major contributor of thermodynamics and heat transfer. It explains how fluids in a given boundary layer will react and creates a velocity profile to predict flow. As a biomedical engineering major, I consistently use Reynolds number and Naiver stokes equation in order to determine the flow of blood in the circulatory system. Fluid dynamics is one of the universal topics used by a multitude of majors including aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering. It provides vital information about the flow of fluids that we use in everyday life. An example of a real world application of Reynolds number can be seen in hemodynamics. Naiver stoke equations are often used when looking at the flow of blood in patients that have a plaques in their arteries. It helps determine how the speed of the blood has changed with this blockage and can be used to determine what their risks are for hemorrhaging.

== See also ==

===Further reading===

Gresham, R.M. "So who was this Osborne Reynolds guy, anyway?" Tribology and Lubrication Technology, September 2014, 70(9):22-23.

===External links===
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa-RSKv7SRU&list=PL0jAiXLfdUJBAoYmevhgcao62CBX9fIlF&index=2

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Reynolds.html

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Osborne-Reynolds

==References==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa-RSKv7SRU&list=PL0jAiXLfdUJBAoYmevhgcao62CBX9fIlF&index=2

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Reynolds.html

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

File:RTT.png

2015-12-05T22:10:18Z

Cwalton8:

2015-12-05T21:34:32Z

Cwalton8: /* Personal Life */

Osborne Reynolds

2015-12-05T21:23:42Z

Cwalton8:

Osborne Reynolds

2015-12-05T21:10:57Z

Cwalton8:

Osborne Reynolds

2015-12-05T21:10:01Z

Cwalton8:

claimed by Charlene Walton (cwalton8) 12.05.2015

[[File:Reynolds1.jpg]]

'''Osborne Reynolds''' (August 23 1842 – February 23 1912) was the pioneer and main contributor of fundamental fluid dynamics.
His scientific research on flow contributed to the Reynolds number, Reynolds analogy, Naiver-Stokes equation, Reynolds stress
and Reynolds decomposition in order to predict the speed and mass of fluids at a given period of time.

==Personal Life==
===Early Life===

===Scientific Career===
===Final Years===

==Scientific Contributions==

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

==Mathematical Equations & Examples==

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==Historical Context and Other Information==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

===Further reading===

Gresham, R.M. "So who was this Osborne Reynolds guy, anyway?" Tribology and Lubrication Technology, September 2014, 70(9):22-23.

===External links===
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa-RSKv7SRU&list=PL0jAiXLfdUJBAoYmevhgcao62CBX9fIlF&index=2

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Reynolds.html

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Osborne-Reynolds

==References==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa-RSKv7SRU&list=PL0jAiXLfdUJBAoYmevhgcao62CBX9fIlF&index=2

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Reynolds.html

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Osborne Reynolds

2015-12-05T21:08:36Z

Cwalton8:

2015-12-05T20:08:08Z

Cwalton8: Created page with "PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS PAGE. COPY THIS TEMPLATE AND PASTE IT INTO A NEW PAGE FOR YOUR TOPIC. Short Description of Topic ==The Main Idea== State, in your own words, the mai..."

PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS PAGE. COPY THIS TEMPLATE AND PASTE IT INTO A NEW PAGE FOR YOUR TOPIC.

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Main Page

2015-12-05T20:04:19Z

Cwalton8: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Equilibrium]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Lightning]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations