Electric Potential Difference

2016-04-13T00:56:37Z

Dkurniawan3:

Electric Potential Difference

2016-04-13T00:56:12Z

Dkurniawan3:

Electric Potential Difference

2016-04-13T00:55:40Z

Dkurniawan3:

2016-04-13T00:50:16Z

Dkurniawan3:

Electric Potential Difference

2016-04-13T00:48:16Z

Dkurniawan3:

Claimed by Daniel Kurniawan

Electric Potential Difference, otherwise known as Voltage, is the difference in electric potential energy between two points per unit of electric charge. The voltage between two points is equal to the work done per unit of charge against a static electric field to move the test charge between two points and is measured in units of volts.

Voltage can be caused by static electric fields, by electric current through a magnetic field, by time-varying magnetic fields, or some combination of these three. One can use a voltmeter to measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit. A voltage may represent either a source of energy (electromotive force), or lost, used, or stored energy (potential drop).

==Voltage==

'''Definition'''

Say you have two points "A" and "B" in space. The potential difference is defined as the difference in electric potential between those two points. Electric potential is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb, otherwise known as volts.

'''Calculating Potential Difference'''

<math>\Delta V_{BA} = V(x_B) - V(x_A) = - \int_{r_0}^{x_B} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} - \left( - \int_{r_0}^{x_A} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} \right)
= \int_{x_B}^{r_0} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} + \int_{r_0}^{x_A} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} = \int_{x_B}^{x_A} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l}<math>

[[File:8.png]]

As stated above, the potential difference from one point to another in space is calculated as the line integral of the electric field and the time rate of change of magnetic field along that path (alternate way - multiply electric field times the distance covered across the two points). The voltage between point A to point B is equal to the work which would have to be done, per unit charge, against or by the electric field to move the charge from A to B. The voltage between the two ends of a path is the total energy required to move a small electric charge along that path, divided by the magnitude of the charge. Both an unchanging electric field and a dynamic electromagnetic field must be included in determining the voltage between two points.

Potential difference is defined in such a way that negatively charged objects are pulled towards higher voltages, while positively charged objects are pulled towards lower voltages. This means that the conventional current in a always flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Current can flow from lower voltage to higher voltage, but only when a source of energy is present to push it against the opposing electric field. For example, inside a battery, chemical reactions provide the energy needed for ion current to flow from the negative to the positive terminal.

==Applications==

'''Circuits'''

Potential difference is typically used in describing the voltage dropped across some sort of electrical device, such as a resistor. The voltage drop across the device is the difference between measurements at each terminal of the device with respect to a common reference point. The voltage drop is the difference between the two readings. Two points in an electric circuit that are connected by an ideal conductor without resistance and not within a changing magnetic field have a voltage of zero. Any two points with the same potential may be connected by a conductor and no current will flow between them.

'''Kirchoff's Circuit Laws'''

Kirchoff's Circuit Laws are used to calculate the various voltages within a circuit. For example, the voltage between points A and C is the sum of the voltage between A and B and the voltage between B and C. The various voltages can be calculated using Kirchoff's Voltage Law, which states that the directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed network is zero. Essentially, the sum of the potential differences in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop.

<math>\sum_{k=1}^n V_k = 0

Electric Potential Difference

2016-04-13T00:47:56Z

Dkurniawan3:

Claimed by Daniel Kurniawan

Electric Potential Difference, otherwise known as Voltage, is the difference in electric potential energy between two points per unit of electric charge. The voltage between two points is equal to the work done per unit of charge against a static electric field to move the test charge between two points and is measured in units of volts.

Voltage can be caused by static electric fields, by electric current through a magnetic field, by time-varying magnetic fields, or some combination of these three. One can use a voltmeter to measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit. A voltage may represent either a source of energy (electromotive force), or lost, used, or stored energy (potential drop).

==Voltage==

'''Definition'''

Say you have two points "A" and "B" in space. The potential difference is defined as the difference in electric potential between those two points. Electric potential is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb, otherwise known as volts.

'''Calculating Potential Difference'''

<math>\Delta V_{BA} = V(x_B) - V(x_A) = - \int_{r_0}^{x_B} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} - \left( - \int_{r_0}^{x_A} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} \right)
= \int_{x_B}^{r_0} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} + \int_{r_0}^{x_A} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} = \int_{x_B}^{x_A} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l}

[[File:8.png]]

As stated above, the potential difference from one point to another in space is calculated as the line integral of the electric field and the time rate of change of magnetic field along that path (alternate way - multiply electric field times the distance covered across the two points). The voltage between point A to point B is equal to the work which would have to be done, per unit charge, against or by the electric field to move the charge from A to B. The voltage between the two ends of a path is the total energy required to move a small electric charge along that path, divided by the magnitude of the charge. Both an unchanging electric field and a dynamic electromagnetic field must be included in determining the voltage between two points.

Potential difference is defined in such a way that negatively charged objects are pulled towards higher voltages, while positively charged objects are pulled towards lower voltages. This means that the conventional current in a always flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Current can flow from lower voltage to higher voltage, but only when a source of energy is present to push it against the opposing electric field. For example, inside a battery, chemical reactions provide the energy needed for ion current to flow from the negative to the positive terminal.

==Applications==

'''Circuits'''

Potential difference is typically used in describing the voltage dropped across some sort of electrical device, such as a resistor. The voltage drop across the device is the difference between measurements at each terminal of the device with respect to a common reference point. The voltage drop is the difference between the two readings. Two points in an electric circuit that are connected by an ideal conductor without resistance and not within a changing magnetic field have a voltage of zero. Any two points with the same potential may be connected by a conductor and no current will flow between them.

'''Kirchoff's Circuit Laws'''

Kirchoff's Circuit Laws are used to calculate the various voltages within a circuit. For example, the voltage between points A and C is the sum of the voltage between A and B and the voltage between B and C. The various voltages can be calculated using Kirchoff's Voltage Law, which states that the directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed network is zero. Essentially, the sum of the potential differences in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop.

<math>\sum_{k=1}^n V_k = 0

Electric Potential Difference

2016-04-13T00:47:25Z

Dkurniawan3:

Claimed by Daniel Kurniawan

Electric Potential Difference, otherwise known as Voltage, is the difference in electric potential energy between two points per unit of electric charge. The voltage between two points is equal to the work done per unit of charge against a static electric field to move the test charge between two points and is measured in units of volts.

Voltage can be caused by static electric fields, by electric current through a magnetic field, by time-varying magnetic fields, or some combination of these three. One can use a voltmeter to measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit. A voltage may represent either a source of energy (electromotive force), or lost, used, or stored energy (potential drop).

==Voltage==

'''Definition'''

Say you have two points "A" and "B" in space. The potential difference is defined as the difference in electric potential between those two points. Electric potential is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb, otherwise known as volts.

'''Calculating Potential Difference'''

[[File:8.png]]

As stated above, the potential difference from one point to another in space is calculated as the line integral of the electric field and the time rate of change of magnetic field along that path (alternate way - multiply electric field times the distance covered across the two points). The voltage between point A to point B is equal to the work which would have to be done, per unit charge, against or by the electric field to move the charge from A to B. The voltage between the two ends of a path is the total energy required to move a small electric charge along that path, divided by the magnitude of the charge. Both an unchanging electric field and a dynamic electromagnetic field must be included in determining the voltage between two points.

Potential difference is defined in such a way that negatively charged objects are pulled towards higher voltages, while positively charged objects are pulled towards lower voltages. This means that the conventional current in a always flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Current can flow from lower voltage to higher voltage, but only when a source of energy is present to push it against the opposing electric field. For example, inside a battery, chemical reactions provide the energy needed for ion current to flow from the negative to the positive terminal.

==Applications==

'''Circuits'''

Potential difference is typically used in describing the voltage dropped across some sort of electrical device, such as a resistor. The voltage drop across the device is the difference between measurements at each terminal of the device with respect to a common reference point. The voltage drop is the difference between the two readings. Two points in an electric circuit that are connected by an ideal conductor without resistance and not within a changing magnetic field have a voltage of zero. Any two points with the same potential may be connected by a conductor and no current will flow between them.

'''Kirchoff's Circuit Laws'''

Kirchoff's Circuit Laws are used to calculate the various voltages within a circuit. For example, the voltage between points A and C is the sum of the voltage between A and B and the voltage between B and C. The various voltages can be calculated using Kirchoff's Voltage Law, which states that the directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed network is zero. Essentially, the sum of the potential differences in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop.

<math>\sum_{k=1}^n V_k = 0

Electric Potential Difference

2016-04-13T00:47:08Z

Main Page

2016-04-13T00:18:04Z

Dkurniawan3: /* Electric fields and energy in circuits */

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<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
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<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
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</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
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<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
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*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
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====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

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===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Collisions 2]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Claimed by Trevor Craport
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential DIfference Path Independence]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of Potential Difference, claimed by Tyler Quill]]
</div>

== Claimed by Tyler Quill ==

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential DIfference Path Independence]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Conventional Current]]*
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hall effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Motional EMF====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuits]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Max Planck

2015-11-27T22:06:56Z

Dkurniawan3:

Claimed and Written by Daniel Kurniawan for PHYS2211

'''Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck''' was a German theoretical physicist most famous for the discovery of [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Max_Planck#Black-Body_Radiation Black-Body Radiation] and originating quantum theory. He was awarded the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel Prize in Physics] in 1918 for his theory, which revolutionized our understanding or atomic and subatomic processes.

[[File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Planck in 1933]]

==Early Life==

Planck was born in Kiel, Germany, on April 23, 1858 to Julius Wilhelm and Emma Planck. Planck was brought up in a large family - he was the sixth child - that valued scholarship, honesty, fairness, and generosity. His family greatly respected the church and state, displaying the importance of these values within the family. He began elementary school in Kiel, and although he was not the top student, he always came somewhere between third and eighth in the class. His best subject, as surprising as it sounds, was music, as he possessed the gift of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_pitch perfect pitch] and was an excellent pianist. He was also awarded the prize in catechism and good conduct almost every year.

When Planck was nine years old, his father, who was a distinguished jurist and professor of law at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kiel University of Kiel], received an appointment at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich University of Munich], where a teacher by the name of Hermann Müller stimulated Planck's interest in physics. After graduating at the age of 17, Planck ultimately chose physics as his career path because he had become deeply impressed by the absolute nature of the law of conservation of energy. Planck describes why he chose physics:

''"The outside world is something independent from man, something absolute, and the quest for the laws which apply to this absolute appeared to me as the most sublime scientific pursuit in life.”''

===University Education and Career===

Planck entered the University of Munich in the fall of 1874, however found very little encouragement to pursue a future in physics. He spent a year at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin University of Berlin], where he had the opportunity to be taught by great research scientists [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz Hermann von Helmholtz] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff Gustav Robert Kirchoff], however he was very unimpressed by their lectures. He returned to Munich and received his doctorate of philosophy in July 1879 at the age of 21. The following year he finished his dissertation at Munich and became a lecturer. He spent five years teaching at the University of Munich, then was appointed Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Kiel, with the help of his father. Two years later he married Marie Merck in 1887, and they went on to have four children, Karl (1888), the twins Emma and Grete (1889) and Erwin (1893), of whom only Erwin was to survive past the First World War. In 1889, he succeeded Kirchoff and became a professor at the University of Berlin, where he came to venerate Helmholtz as a mentor and colleague. Though he had only nine doctoral students altogether, his lectures on all branches of theoretical physics went through many editions and exerted great influence in that particular field. He remained a professor in Berlin until his retirement in 1926.

==Scientific Contribution==

===Black-Body Radiation===

While teaching in Berlin, Planck studied thermodynamics - in particular examining the distribution of energy according to wavelength. By combining the formulas of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien Wilhelm Wien] and Rayleigh, Planck announced a new formula referred to as Planck's radiation formula. Two months later, Planck introduced the quanta of energy by making a complete theoretical deduction of his formula and giving up classical physics. He knew how the entropy of the radiation had to depend mathematically upon its energy in the high-frequency region if Wien’s law held there. He also saw what this dependence had to be in the low-frequency region in order to reproduce the experimental results there. Planck guessed that he should try to combine these two expressions in the simplest way possible, and to transform the result into a formula relating the energy of the radiation to its frequency. He presented his theoretical explanation involving this quanta of energy on December 14, 1900 at a meeting of the Physikalische Gesellschaft in Berlin. He announced his derivation of the relationship which was centered around the idea that the energy emitted by a resonator could only take on discrete values or quanta. The energy for a resonator of frequency is hv where h is a universal constant, known as Planck's constant.

The discovery of Planck’s constant equipped him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants. Planck’s work on the quantum theory was published in the Annalen der Physik. His work is summarized in two books Thermodynamik (Thermodynamics) and Theorie der Wärmestrahlung (Theory of heat radiation).

A YouTube Video of Planck's logic in Black-Body Radiation and the beginning of quantum mechanics can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEn-vX4duUc here].

==Later Life==

===Second Marriage and World War I===

In 1909 Planck's wife Marie passed away, presumably from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis tuberculosis]. In 1911, Planck married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin, who bore him a third son, Hermann, the same year. By the time of the German annexation and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I World War I] in 1914 (which Planck initially welcomed, but later argued against), he was effectively the highest authority of German physics, as one of the four permanent presidents of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and a leader in the influential umbrella body, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society Kaiser Wilhelm Society]. By the end of the 1920s, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr Niels Bohr], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg Werner Heisenberg], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli Wolfgang Pauli] had worked out the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation Copenhagen Interpretation]" of quantum mechanics, and the quantum theory which Planck’s work had triggered became ever more established, even if Planck himself was never quite comfortable with some of its philosophical implications.

===Nobel Prize in Physics===

Planck was just 42 years old in 1900 when he made his famous discovery of the black body radiation law. This was not only Planck's most important work but in addition it marked a turning point in the history of physics. In 1918, this discovery won him the Nobel Prize in Physics.

===World War II===

Planck was 74 years old when the Nazis seized power in 1933, and he typically avoided conflict with the Nazi regime, although he did organize a provocative official commemorative meeting after the death in exile of fellow physicist Fritz Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working in institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for several years.

The “Deutsche Physik” movement attacked Planck, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld Arnold Sommerfeld] and Werner Heisenberg among others for continuing to teach the theories of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein Einstein], calling them "white Jews". When his term as president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society ended in 1936, the Nazi government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term. At the end of 1938, the Prussian Academy of Sciences lost its independence and was taken over by Nazis, and Planck protested by resigning his presidency. He bravely refused to join the Nazi party, despite coming under significant political pressure to do so.

Allied bombing campaigns against Berlin during the Second World War forced Planck and his wife to leave the city temporarily to live in the countryside, and his house in Berlin was completely destroyed by an air raid in 1944. He continued to travel frequently, giving numerous public lectures, including talks on Religion and Science (he was a devoted and persistent adherent of Christianity all his life).

===Death===

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II] brought further tragedy. Planck’s house in Berlin was completely destroyed by bombs in 1944. His younger son, Erwin, was implicated in the attempt made on Hitler’s life on July 20, 1944, and in early 1945 he was killed at the hands of the Gestapo. Planck’s will to live was greatly crushed by this act. At war’s end, American officers took Planck and his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin, whom he had married in 1910 and by whom he had had one son, to Göttingen, West Germany. Planck died here on October 4, 1947 at the age of 89.

== See also ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck Max Planck's Wikipedia Page]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEn-vX4duUc YouTube Video] regarding the beginning of quantum mechanics

[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html Black-Body Radiation]

===Further reading===

[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html HyperPhysics: Black-Body Radiation]

==References==

===External links===

http://www.famousscientists.org/max-planck/

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/planck-bio.html

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Max-Planck

http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_planck.html

Max Planck

2015-11-27T22:04:37Z

Dkurniawan3:

Claimed and Written by Daniel Kurniawan for PHYS2211

'''Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck''' was a German theoretical physicist most famous for the discovery of [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Max_Planck#Black-Body_Radiation Black-Body Radiation] and originating quantum theory. He was awarded the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel Prize in Physics] in 1918 for his theory, which revolutionized our understanding or atomic and subatomic processes.

[[File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Planck in 1933]]

==Early Life==

Planck was born in Kiel, Germany, on April 23, 1858 to Julius Wilhelm and Emma Planck. Planck was brought up in a large family - he was the sixth child - that valued scholarship, honesty, fairness, and generosity. His family greatly respected the church and state, displaying the importance of these values within the family. He began elementary school in Kiel, and although he was not the top student, he always came somewhere between third and eighth in the class. His best subject, as surprising as it sounds, was music, as he possessed the gift of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_pitch perfect pitch] and was an excellent pianist. He was also awarded the prize in catechism and good conduct almost every year.

When Planck was nine years old, his father, who was a distinguished jurist and professor of law at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kiel University of Kiel], received an appointment at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich University of Munich], where a teacher by the name of Hermann Müller stimulated Planck's interest in physics. After graduating at the age of 17, Planck ultimately chose physics as his career path because he had become deeply impressed by the absolute nature of the law of conservation of energy. Planck describes why he chose physics:

''"The outside world is something independent from man, something absolute, and the quest for the laws which apply to this absolute appeared to me as the most sublime scientific pursuit in life.”''

===University Education and Career===

Planck entered the University of Munich in the fall of 1874, however found very little encouragement to pursue a future in physics. He spent a year at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin University of Berlin], where he had the opportunity to be taught by great research scientists [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz Hermann von Helmholtz] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff Gustav Robert Kirchoff], however he was very unimpressed by their lectures. He returned to Munich and received his doctorate of philosophy in July 1879 at the age of 21. The following year he finished his dissertation at Munich and became a lecturer. He spent five years teaching at the University of Munich, then was appointed Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Kiel, with the help of his father. Two years later he married Marie Merck in 1887, and they went on to have four children, Karl (1888), the twins Emma and Grete (1889) and Erwin (1893), of whom only Erwin was to survive past the First World War. In 1889, he succeeded Kirchoff and became a professor at the University of Berlin, where he came to venerate Helmholtz as a mentor and colleague. Though he had only nine doctoral students altogether, his lectures on all branches of theoretical physics went through many editions and exerted great influence in that particular field. He remained a professor in Berlin until his retirement in 1926.

==Scientific Contribution==

===Black-Body Radiation===

While teaching in Berlin, Planck studied thermodynamics - in particular examining the distribution of energy according to wavelength. By combining the formulas of Wilhelm Wien and Rayleigh, Planck announced a new formula referred to as Planck's radiation formula. Two months later, Planck introduced the quanta of energy by making a complete theoretical deduction of his formula and giving up classical physics. He knew how the entropy of the radiation had to depend mathematically upon its energy in the high-frequency region if Wien’s law held there. He also saw what this dependence had to be in the low-frequency region in order to reproduce the experimental results there. Planck guessed that he should try to combine these two expressions in the simplest way possible, and to transform the result into a formula relating the energy of the radiation to its frequency. He presented his theoretical explanation involving this quanta of energy on December 14, 1900 at a meeting of the Physikalische Gesellschaft in Berlin. He announced his derivation of the relationship which was centered around the idea that the energy emitted by a resonator could only take on discrete values or quanta. The energy for a resonator of frequency is hv where h is a universal constant, known as Planck's constant.

The discovery of Planck’s constant equipped him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants. Planck’s work on the quantum theory was published in the Annalen der Physik. His work is summarized in two books Thermodynamik (Thermodynamics) and Theorie der Wärmestrahlung (Theory of heat radiation).

A YouTube Video of Planck's logic in Black-Body Radiation and the beginning of quantum mechanics can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEn-vX4duUc here].

==Later Life==

===Second Marriage and World War I===

In 1909 Planck's wife Marie passed away, presumably from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis tuberculosis]. In 1911, Planck married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin, who bore him a third son, Hermann, the same year. By the time of the German annexation and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I World War I]] in 1914 (which Planck initially welcomed, but later argued against), he was effectively the highest authority of German physics, as one of the four permanent presidents of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and a leader in the influential umbrella body, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society Kaiser Wilhelm Society]. By the end of the 1920s, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr Niels Bohr], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg Werner Heisenberg], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli Wolfgang Pauli] had worked out the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation Copenhagen Interpretation]" of quantum mechanics, and the quantum theory which Planck’s work had triggered became ever more established, even if Planck himself was never quite comfortable with some of its philosophical implications.

===Nobel Prize in Physics===

Planck was just 42 years old in 1900 when he made his famous discovery of the black body radiation law. This was not only Planck's most important work but in addition it marked a turning point in the history of physics. In 1918, this discovery won him the Nobel Prize in Physics.

===World War II===

Planck was 74 years old when the Nazis seized power in 1933, and he typically avoided conflict with the Nazi regime, although he did organize a provocative official commemorative meeting after the death in exile of fellow physicist Fritz Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working in institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for several years.

The “Deutsche Physik” movement attacked Planck, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld Arnold Sommerfeld] and Werner Heisenberg among others for continuing to teach the theories of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein Einstein]], calling them "white Jews". When his term as president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society ended in 1936, the Nazi government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term. At the end of 1938, the Prussian Academy of Sciences lost its independence and was taken over by Nazis, and Planck protested by resigning his presidency. He bravely refused to join the Nazi party, despite coming under significant political pressure to do so.

Allied bombing campaigns against Berlin during the Second World War forced Planck and his wife to leave the city temporarily to live in the countryside, and his house in Berlin was completely destroyed by an air raid in 1944. He continued to travel frequently, giving numerous public lectures, including talks on Religion and Science (he was a devoted and persistent adherent of Christianity all his life).

===Death===

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II] brought further tragedy. Planck’s house in Berlin was completely destroyed by bombs in 1944. His younger son, Erwin, was implicated in the attempt made on Hitler’s life on July 20, 1944, and in early 1945 he was killed at the hands of the Gestapo. Planck’s will to live was greatly crushed by this act. At war’s end, American officers took Planck and his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin, whom he had married in 1910 and by whom he had had one son, to Göttingen, West Germany. Planck died here on October 4, 1947 at the age of 89.

== See also ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck Max Planck's Wikipedia Page]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEn-vX4duUc YouTube Video] regarding the beginning of quantum mechanics

[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html Black-Body Radiation]

===Further reading===

[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html HyperPhysics: Black-Body Radiation]

==References==

===External links===

http://www.famousscientists.org/max-planck/

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/planck-bio.html

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Max-Planck

http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_planck.html

Max Planck

2015-11-27T22:03:03Z

Dkurniawan3:

Claimed and Written by Daniel Kurniawan for PHYS2211

'''Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck''' was a German theoretical physicist most famous for the discovery of [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Max_Planck#Black-Body_Radiation Black-Body Radiation] and originating quantum theory. He was awarded the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1918 for his theory, which revolutionized our understanding or atomic and subatomic processes.

[[File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Planck in 1933]]

==Early Life==

Planck was born in Kiel, Germany, on April 23, 1858 to Julius Wilhelm and Emma Planck. Planck was brought up in a large family - he was the sixth child - that valued scholarship, honesty, fairness, and generosity. His family greatly respected the church and state, displaying the importance of these values within the family. He began elementary school in Kiel, and although he was not the top student, he always came somewhere between third and eighth in the class. His best subject, as surprising as it sounds, was music, as he possessed the gift of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_pitch perfect pitch] and was an excellent pianist. He was also awarded the prize in catechism and good conduct almost every year.

When Planck was nine years old, his father, who was a distinguished jurist and professor of law at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kiel University of Kiel], received an appointment at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich University of Munich], where a teacher by the name of Hermann Müller stimulated Planck's interest in physics. After graduating at the age of 17, Planck ultimately chose physics as his career path because he had become deeply impressed by the absolute nature of the law of conservation of energy. Planck describes why he chose physics:

''"The outside world is something independent from man, something absolute, and the quest for the laws which apply to this absolute appeared to me as the most sublime scientific pursuit in life.”''

===University Education and Career===

Planck entered the University of Munich in the fall of 1874, however found very little encouragement to pursue a future in physics. He spent a year at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin University of Berlin], where he had the opportunity to be taught by great research scientists [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz Hermann von Helmholtz] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff Gustav Robert Kirchoff], however he was very unimpressed by their lectures. He returned to Munich and received his doctorate of philosophy in July 1879 at the age of 21. The following year he finished his dissertation at Munich and became a lecturer. He spent five years teaching at the University of Munich, then was appointed Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Kiel, with the help of his father. Two years later he married Marie Merck in 1887, and they went on to have four children, Karl (1888), the twins Emma and Grete (1889) and Erwin (1893), of whom only Erwin was to survive past the First World War. In 1889, he succeeded Kirchoff and became a professor at the University of Berlin, where he came to venerate Helmholtz as a mentor and colleague. Though he had only nine doctoral students altogether, his lectures on all branches of theoretical physics went through many editions and exerted great influence in that particular field. He remained a professor in Berlin until his retirement in 1926.

==Scientific Contribution==

===Black-Body Radiation===

While teaching in Berlin, Planck studied thermodynamics - in particular examining the distribution of energy according to wavelength. By combining the formulas of Wilhelm Wien and Rayleigh, Planck announced a new formula referred to as Planck's radiation formula. Two months later, Planck introduced the quanta of energy by making a complete theoretical deduction of his formula and giving up classical physics. He knew how the entropy of the radiation had to depend mathematically upon its energy in the high-frequency region if Wien’s law held there. He also saw what this dependence had to be in the low-frequency region in order to reproduce the experimental results there. Planck guessed that he should try to combine these two expressions in the simplest way possible, and to transform the result into a formula relating the energy of the radiation to its frequency. He presented his theoretical explanation involving this quanta of energy on December 14, 1900 at a meeting of the Physikalische Gesellschaft in Berlin. He announced his derivation of the relationship which was centered around the idea that the energy emitted by a resonator could only take on discrete values or quanta. The energy for a resonator of frequency is hv where h is a universal constant, known as Planck's constant.

The discovery of Planck’s constant equipped him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants. Planck’s work on the quantum theory was published in the Annalen der Physik. His work is summarized in two books Thermodynamik (Thermodynamics) and Theorie der Wärmestrahlung (Theory of heat radiation).

A YouTube Video of Planck's logic in Black-Body Radiation and the beginning of quantum mechanics can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEn-vX4duUc here].

==Later Life==

===Second Marriage and World War I===

In 1909 Planck's wife Marie passed away, presumably from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis tuberculosis]]. In 1911, Planck married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin, who bore him a third son, Hermann, the same year. By the time of the German annexation and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I World War I]] in 1914 (which Planck initially welcomed, but later argued against), he was effectively the highest authority of German physics, as one of the four permanent presidents of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and a leader in the influential umbrella body, the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society Kaiser Wilhelm Society]]. By the end of the 1920s, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr Niels Bohr]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg Werner Heisenberg]], and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli Wolfgang Pauli]] had worked out the "[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation Copenhagen Interpretation]]" of quantum mechanics, and the quantum theory which Planck’s work had triggered became ever more established, even if Planck himself was never quite comfortable with some of its philosophical implications.

===Nobel Prize in Physics===

Planck was just 42 years old in 1900 when he made his famous discovery of the black body radiation law. This was not only Planck's most important work but in addition it marked a turning point in the history of physics. In 1918, this discovery won him the Nobel Prize in Physics.

===World War II===

Planck was 74 years old when the Nazis seized power in 1933, and he typically avoided conflict with the Nazi regime, although he did organize a provocative official commemorative meeting after the death in exile of fellow physicist Fritz Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working in institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for several years.

The “Deutsche Physik” movement attacked Planck, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld Arnold Sommerfeld]] and Werner Heisenberg among others for continuing to teach the theories of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein Einstein]], calling them "white Jews". When his term as president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society ended in 1936, the Nazi government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term. At the end of 1938, the Prussian Academy of Sciences lost its independence and was taken over by Nazis, and Planck protested by resigning his presidency. He bravely refused to join the Nazi party, despite coming under significant political pressure to do so.

Allied bombing campaigns against Berlin during the Second World War forced Planck and his wife to leave the city temporarily to live in the countryside, and his house in Berlin was completely destroyed by an air raid in 1944. He continued to travel frequently, giving numerous public lectures, including talks on Religion and Science (he was a devoted and persistent adherent of Christianity all his life).

===Death===

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II] brought further tragedy. Planck’s house in Berlin was completely destroyed by bombs in 1944. His younger son, Erwin, was implicated in the attempt made on Hitler’s life on July 20, 1944, and in early 1945 he was killed at the hands of the Gestapo. Planck’s will to live was greatly crushed by this act. At war’s end, American officers took Planck and his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin, whom he had married in 1910 and by whom he had had one son, to Göttingen, West Germany. Planck died here on October 4, 1947 at the age of 89.

== See also ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck Max Planck's Wikipedia Page]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEn-vX4duUc YouTube Video] regarding the beginning of quantum mechanics

[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html Black-Body Radiation]

===Further reading===

[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html HyperPhysics: Black-Body Radiation]

==References==

===External links===

http://www.famousscientists.org/max-planck/

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/planck-bio.html

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Max-Planck

http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_planck.html

Max Planck

2015-11-27T21:48:32Z

Dkurniawan3:

Max Planck

2015-11-27T21:43:12Z

Dkurniawan3: