Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue

2015-12-01T04:49:19Z

Ihammel6: /* Why is the Universe Black */

by Irene Hammel

==Visible Light Spectrum==

Electromagnetic Radiation is light, but only a small part is visible to the human eye. This portion is known as the visible light spectrum, the rest os the spectrum is either too large or too small for our eyes to receive. Visible light falls between infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV). It has wavelengths of about 740 nanometers (nm) to 380 nm. The image belows shows how small the portion of visible light is in comparison to all the wavelengths that exist. The most important characcteristic of visible light is color. Our eyes percieve each wavelength as a different color. The following section will go more in detail of how wavelengths relate to colors and how humans perceive them.

[[File:Visible_light_spectrum.PNG]]

===Wavelengths===
The wavelengths of reflected light determine what color you see. Light at the lower end of the visible spectrum is perceived as red. Green light is found in the middle of the spectrum. While light at the upper end of the spectrum is seen as violet. All other colors that we perceive are mixtures of these colors. White light contains all colors and black is the absence of light. Our eyes are able to percieve these colors because of cones our eyes contains. Cones are photoreceptors, in other words tiny cells in the retina that respond to light. There are around 6 to 7 million cones in the light-sensitive retina at the back of your eye. In the image below you can see which wavelength represents each colors and also the relation of color and amplitude.

[[File:Wavelength.PNG]]

===Prism===
A prism is is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refracts light, its traditional shape is a triangle either way a prism will have two surfaces with an angle between them. A prism breaks a white light into its individual colors, with their unique wavelengths. This type of prism was created by Isaac Newton.

[[File:Prism.PNG]]

==Lightscatering==
Light scattering can be thought of as the deflection from a straight path of a ray of light. Objects are visible because of the light scattering from their surfaces. Scattering of light depends on the wavelength and/or frequency of the light.
===Rayleigh Scattering===
Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light by molecules that are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It occurs when light penetrates any of the three main phases of matter, gas, liquid, and solid. Rayleigh scattering intensity depends strongly on the size of the particles. This kind of scattering can be considered to be elastic scattering because the photon energies of the scattered photons do not change.

=Why is the Sky Blue?=
The sky is blue because of the light scattering phenomenon. The rays of light from the sun travel through the atmosphere which contains air particles. The sun rays appear white because they contain all the colors and wavelengths. When the light goes through the air it hits the light molecules and bounces off into different directions. Due to Rayleigh scattering blue is more scattered because it has a shorter wavelength and Rayleigh scattering states that shorter wavelengths scatter more strongly. This scattered light that gives the surrounding sky its brightness and its color. Longer wavelengths pass through and are not difracted which is why they do not affect the color of the sky.

[[File:Blue_sky.PNG]]

=Why is the Sunset Red?=
As the sun begins to set, the rays of sun must travel further through the atmosphere before it gets to you. The longer it takes the more wavelengths are already scattered, so the color of the sun itself appears to change, first to orange and then to red. Since blues and greens have shorter waveengths by the time they reach you hey are already scattered. Only the longer wavelengths are left which is why you are able to see a red sunset.

[[File:Red_sunset.PNG]]

=Why is the Universe Black=
Since there is no air in the atmosphere no light wavelength is difracted so it appears to be black.

[[File:Space.PNG]]

=History=

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was born in England. Although studied law, he was an established physicist and mathematician, and is credited as one of the great minds of the 17th century Scientific Revolution. Between his biggest discoveries, are the theory of gravity, the three laws of motion, calculus and the refraction of light.

[[File:Isaac_newton.PNG]]

John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1842-1919) was born in the United Kingdom. He made fundamental discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are basic to the theory of wave propagation in fluids.

[[File:Rayleigh.PNG]]

= See also =

===Further reading===

Read more about:

- Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt): http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/rayleigh.html

- Isaac Newton: http://www.biography.com/people/isaac-newton-9422656

- Electromagnetic and Visible Spectra: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-2/The-Electromagnetic-and-Visible-Spectra

- Dispersion of Light by Prisms: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Dispersion-of-Light-by-Prisms

===External links===

http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/light.html

==References==

http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/space_black_sunset_red.html

http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight.html

http://www.livescience.com/50678-visible-light.html

http://www.livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.html

http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html

http://www.edmundoptics.com/technical-resources-center/optics/introduction-to-optical-prisms/

http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-William-Strutt-3rd-Baron-Rayleigh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_scattering

[[Category:Radiation]]

File:Space.PNG

2015-12-01T04:48:35Z

Ihammel6:

Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue

2015-12-01T04:47:34Z

Ihammel6:

by Irene Hammel

==Visible Light Spectrum==

Electromagnetic Radiation is light, but only a small part is visible to the human eye. This portion is known as the visible light spectrum, the rest os the spectrum is either too large or too small for our eyes to receive. Visible light falls between infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV). It has wavelengths of about 740 nanometers (nm) to 380 nm. The image belows shows how small the portion of visible light is in comparison to all the wavelengths that exist. The most important characcteristic of visible light is color. Our eyes percieve each wavelength as a different color. The following section will go more in detail of how wavelengths relate to colors and how humans perceive them.

[[File:Visible_light_spectrum.PNG]]

===Wavelengths===
The wavelengths of reflected light determine what color you see. Light at the lower end of the visible spectrum is perceived as red. Green light is found in the middle of the spectrum. While light at the upper end of the spectrum is seen as violet. All other colors that we perceive are mixtures of these colors. White light contains all colors and black is the absence of light. Our eyes are able to percieve these colors because of cones our eyes contains. Cones are photoreceptors, in other words tiny cells in the retina that respond to light. There are around 6 to 7 million cones in the light-sensitive retina at the back of your eye. In the image below you can see which wavelength represents each colors and also the relation of color and amplitude.

[[File:Wavelength.PNG]]

===Prism===
A prism is is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refracts light, its traditional shape is a triangle either way a prism will have two surfaces with an angle between them. A prism breaks a white light into its individual colors, with their unique wavelengths. This type of prism was created by Isaac Newton.

[[File:Prism.PNG]]

==Lightscatering==
Light scattering can be thought of as the deflection from a straight path of a ray of light. Objects are visible because of the light scattering from their surfaces. Scattering of light depends on the wavelength and/or frequency of the light.
===Rayleigh Scattering===
Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light by molecules that are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It occurs when light penetrates any of the three main phases of matter, gas, liquid, and solid. Rayleigh scattering intensity depends strongly on the size of the particles. This kind of scattering can be considered to be elastic scattering because the photon energies of the scattered photons do not change.

=Why is the Sky Blue?=
The sky is blue because of the light scattering phenomenon. The rays of light from the sun travel through the atmosphere which contains air particles. The sun rays appear white because they contain all the colors and wavelengths. When the light goes through the air it hits the light molecules and bounces off into different directions. Due to Rayleigh scattering blue is more scattered because it has a shorter wavelength and Rayleigh scattering states that shorter wavelengths scatter more strongly. This scattered light that gives the surrounding sky its brightness and its color. Longer wavelengths pass through and are not difracted which is why they do not affect the color of the sky.

[[File:Blue_sky.PNG]]

=Why is the Sunset Red?=
As the sun begins to set, the rays of sun must travel further through the atmosphere before it gets to you. The longer it takes the more wavelengths are already scattered, so the color of the sun itself appears to change, first to orange and then to red. Since blues and greens have shorter waveengths by the time they reach you hey are already scattered. Only the longer wavelengths are left which is why you are able to see a red sunset.

[[File:Red_sunset.PNG]]

=Why is the Universe Black=
Since there is no air in the atmosphere no light wavelength is difracted so it appears to be black.

[[

=History=

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was born in England. Although studied law, he was an established physicist and mathematician, and is credited as one of the great minds of the 17th century Scientific Revolution. Between his biggest discoveries, are the theory of gravity, the three laws of motion, calculus and the refraction of light.

[[File:Isaac_newton.PNG]]

John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1842-1919) was born in the United Kingdom. He made fundamental discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are basic to the theory of wave propagation in fluids.

[[File:Rayleigh.PNG]]

= See also =

===Further reading===

Read more about:

- Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt): http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/rayleigh.html

- Isaac Newton: http://www.biography.com/people/isaac-newton-9422656

- Electromagnetic and Visible Spectra: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-2/The-Electromagnetic-and-Visible-Spectra

- Dispersion of Light by Prisms: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Dispersion-of-Light-by-Prisms

===External links===

http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/light.html

==References==

http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/space_black_sunset_red.html

http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight.html

http://www.livescience.com/50678-visible-light.html

http://www.livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.html

http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html

http://www.edmundoptics.com/technical-resources-center/optics/introduction-to-optical-prisms/

http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-William-Strutt-3rd-Baron-Rayleigh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_scattering

[[Category:Radiation]]

Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue

2015-12-01T04:46:07Z

Ihammel6:

by Irene Hammel

==Visible Light Spectrum==

Electromagnetic Radiation is light, but only a small part is visible to the human eye. This portion is known as the visible light spectrum, the rest os the spectrum is either too large or too small for our eyes to receive. Visible light falls between infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV). It has wavelengths of about 740 nanometers (nm) to 380 nm. The image belows shows how small the portion of visible light is in comparison to all the wavelengths that exist. The most important characcteristic of visible light is color. Our eyes percieve each wavelength as a different color. The following section will go more in detail of how wavelengths relate to colors and how humans perceive them.

[[File:Visible_light_spectrum.PNG]]

===Wavelengths===
The wavelengths of reflected light determine what color you see. Light at the lower end of the visible spectrum is perceived as red. Green light is found in the middle of the spectrum. While light at the upper end of the spectrum is seen as violet. All other colors that we perceive are mixtures of these colors. White light contains all colors and black is the absence of light. Our eyes are able to percieve these colors because of cones our eyes contains. Cones are photoreceptors, in other words tiny cells in the retina that respond to light. There are around 6 to 7 million cones in the light-sensitive retina at the back of your eye. In the image below you can see which wavelength represents each colors and also the relation of color and amplitude.

[[File:Wavelength.PNG]]

===Prism===
A prism is is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refracts light, its traditional shape is a triangle either way a prism will have two surfaces with an angle between them. A prism breaks a white light into its individual colors, with their unique wavelengths. This type of prism was created by Isaac Newton.

[[File:Prism.PNG]]

==Lightscatering==
Light scattering can be thought of as the deflection from a straight path of a ray of light. Objects are visible because of the light scattering from their surfaces. Scattering of light depends on the wavelength and/or frequency of the light.
===Rayleigh Scattering===
Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light by molecules that are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It occurs when light penetrates any of the three main phases of matter, gas, liquid, and solid. Rayleigh scattering intensity depends strongly on the size of the particles. This kind of scattering can be considered to be elastic scattering because the photon energies of the scattered photons do not change.
=Why is the Sky Blue?=
The sky is blue because of the light scattering phenomenon. The rays of light from the sun travel through the atmosphere which contains air particles. The sun rays appear white because they contain all the colors and wavelengths. When the light goes through the air it hits the light molecules and bounces off into different directions. Due to Rayleigh scattering blue is more scattered because it has a shorter wavelength and Rayleigh scattering states that shorter wavelengths scatter more strongly. This scattered light that gives the surrounding sky its brightness and its color. Longer wavelengths pass through and are not difracted which is why they do not affect the color of the sky.

[[File:Blue_sky.PNG]]

=Why is the Sunset Red?=
As the sun begins to set, the rays of sun must travel further through the atmosphere before it gets to you. The longer it takes the more wavelengths are already scattered, so the color of the sun itself appears to change, first to orange and then to red. Since blues and greens have shorter waveengths by the time they reach you hey are already scattered. Only the longer wavelengths are left which is why you are able to see a red sunset.

[[File:Red_sunset.PNG]]

=Why is the Universe Black=

Since there is no air in the atmosphere no light wavelength is difracted so it appears to be black.

=History=

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was born in England. Although studied law, he was an established physicist and mathematician, and is credited as one of the great minds of the 17th century Scientific Revolution. Between his biggest discoveries, are the theory of gravity, the three laws of motion, calculus and the refraction of light.

[[File:Isaac_newton.PNG]]

John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1842-1919) was born in the United Kingdom. He made fundamental discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are basic to the theory of wave propagation in fluids.

[[File:Rayleigh.PNG]]

= See also =

===Further reading===

Read more about:

- Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt): http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/rayleigh.html

- Isaac Newton: http://www.biography.com/people/isaac-newton-9422656

- Electromagnetic and Visible Spectra: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-2/The-Electromagnetic-and-Visible-Spectra

- Dispersion of Light by Prisms: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Dispersion-of-Light-by-Prisms

===External links===

http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/light.html

==References==

http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/space_black_sunset_red.html

http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight.html

http://www.livescience.com/50678-visible-light.html

http://www.livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.html

http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html

http://www.edmundoptics.com/technical-resources-center/optics/introduction-to-optical-prisms/

http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-William-Strutt-3rd-Baron-Rayleigh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_scattering

[[Category:Radiation]]

Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue

2015-12-01T01:47:16Z

Ihammel6:

by Irene Hammel

==Visible Light Spectrum==

Electromagnetic Radiation is light, but only a small part is visible to the human eye. This portion is known as the visible light spectrum, the rest os the spectrum is either too large or too small for our eyes to receive. Visible light falls between infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV). It has wavelengths of about 740 nanometers (nm) to 380 nm. The image belows shows how small the portion of visible light is in comparison to all the wavelengths that exist. The most important characcteristic of visible light is color. Our eyes percieve each wavelength as a different color. The following section will go more in detail of how wavelengths relate to colors and how humans perceive them.

[[File:Visible_light_spectrum.PNG]]

===Wavelengths===
The wavelengths of reflected light determine what color you see. Light at the lower end of the visible spectrum is perceived as red. Green light is found in the middle of the spectrum. While light at the upper end of the spectrum is seen as violet. All other colors that we perceive are mixtures of these colors. White light contains all colors and black is the absence of light. Our eyes are able to percieve these colors because of cones our eyes contains. Cones are photoreceptors, in other words tiny cells in the retina that respond to light. There are around 6 to 7 million cones in the light-sensitive retina at the back of your eye. In the image below you can see which wavelength represents each colors and also the relation of color and amplitude.

[[File:Wavelength.PNG]]

===Prism===
A prism is is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refracts light, its traditional shape is a triangle either way a prism will have two surfaces with an angle between them. A prism breaks a white light into its individual colors, with their unique wavelengths. This type of prism was created by Isaac Newton.

[[File:Prism.PNG]]

==Lightscatering==
Light scattering can be thought of as the deflection from a straight path of a ray of light. Objects are visible because of the light scattering from their surfaces. Scattering of light depends on the wavelength and/or frequency of the light.
===Rayleigh Scattering===
Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light by molecules that are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It occurs when light penetrates any of the three main phases of matter, gas, liquid, and solid. Rayleigh scattering intensity depends strongly on the size of the particles. This kind of scattering can be considered to be elastic scattering because the photon energies of the scattered photons do not change.
=Why is the Sky Blue?=

[[File:Blue_sky.PNG]]

=Why is the Sunset Red?=
[[File:Red_sunset.PNG]]

=History=

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was born in England. Although studied law, he was an established physicist and mathematician, and is credited as one of the great minds of the 17th century Scientific Revolution. Between his biggest discoveries, are the theory of gravity, the three laws of motion, calculus and the refraction of light.

[[File:Isaac_newton.PNG]]

John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1842-1919) was born in the United Kingdom. He made fundamental discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are basic to the theory of wave propagation in fluids.

[[File:Rayleigh.PNG]]

= See also =

===Further reading===

Read more about:

- Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt): http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/rayleigh.html

- Isaac Newton: http://www.biography.com/people/isaac-newton-9422656

- Electromagnetic and Visible Spectra: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-2/The-Electromagnetic-and-Visible-Spectra

- Dispersion of Light by Prisms: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Dispersion-of-Light-by-Prisms

===External links===

http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/light.html

==References==

http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/space_black_sunset_red.html

http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight.html

http://www.livescience.com/50678-visible-light.html

http://www.livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.html

http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html

http://www.edmundoptics.com/technical-resources-center/optics/introduction-to-optical-prisms/

http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-William-Strutt-3rd-Baron-Rayleigh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_scattering

[[Category:Radiation]]

Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue

2015-12-01T00:52:05Z

Ihammel6: /* History */

File:Isaac newton.PNG

2015-12-01T00:51:12Z

Ihammel6:

Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue

2015-12-01T00:50:36Z

Ihammel6:

Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue

2015-12-01T00:14:33Z

Ihammel6:

File:Rayleigh.PNG

2015-11-30T23:09:53Z

Ihammel6:

File:Red sunset.PNG

2015-11-30T23:09:25Z

Ihammel6:

File:Blue sky.PNG

2015-11-30T23:08:13Z

Ihammel6:

File:Prism.PNG

2015-11-30T23:06:06Z

Ihammel6:

File:Wavelength.PNG

2015-11-30T23:02:31Z

Ihammel6:

Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue

2015-11-30T23:01:31Z

Ihammel6: /* Visible Light Spectrum */

by Irene Hammel

==Visible Light Spectrum==

[[File:Visible_light_spectrum.PNG]]

Electromagnetic Radiation is light, but only a small part is visible to the human eye. This portion is known as the visible light spectrum, the rest os the spectrum is either too large or too small for our eyes to receive.

===Wavelengths===
[[File:pathindependence.png]]

===Prism===
[[File:pathindependence.png]]

==Lightscatering==
===Rayleigh Scattering===

=Why is the Sky Blue?=
[[File:pathindependence.png]]

=Why is the Sunset Red?=
[[File:pathindependence.png]]

=History=

Isaac Newton: prism

John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh)

[[File:pathindependence.png]]

= See also =

===Further reading===

Read more about:

- Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt): http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/rayleigh.html

- Electromagnetic and Visible Spectra: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-2/The-Electromagnetic-and-Visible-Spectra

- Dispersion of Light by Prisms: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Dispersion-of-Light-by-Prisms

===External links===

http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/light.html

==References==

http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/space_black_sunset_red.html

http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight.html

[[Category:Radiation]]

File:Visible light spectrum.PNG

2015-11-30T23:00:37Z

Ihammel6: Ihammel6 uploaded a new version of "File:Visible light spectrum.PNG"

File:Visible light spectrum.PNG

2015-11-30T23:00:30Z

Ihammel6: Ihammel6 uploaded a new version of "File:Visible light spectrum.PNG"

Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue

2015-11-30T23:00:14Z

Ihammel6: Created page with "by Irene Hammel ==Visible Light Spectrum== File:visible light spectrum.png Electromagnetic Radiation is light, but only a small part is visible to the human eye. This..."

by Irene Hammel

==Visible Light Spectrum==

[[File:visible light spectrum.png]]

Electromagnetic Radiation is light, but only a small part is visible to the human eye. This portion is known as the visible light spectrum, the rest os the spectrum is either too large or too small for our eyes to receive.

===Wavelengths===
[[File:pathindependence.png]]

===Prism===
[[File:pathindependence.png]]

==Lightscatering==
===Rayleigh Scattering===

=Why is the Sky Blue?=
[[File:pathindependence.png]]

=Why is the Sunset Red?=
[[File:pathindependence.png]]

=History=

Isaac Newton: prism

John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh)

[[File:pathindependence.png]]

= See also =

===Further reading===

Read more about:

- Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt): http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/rayleigh.html

- Electromagnetic and Visible Spectra: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-2/The-Electromagnetic-and-Visible-Spectra

- Dispersion of Light by Prisms: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Dispersion-of-Light-by-Prisms

===External links===

http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/light.html

==References==

http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/space_black_sunset_red.html

http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight.html

[[Category:Radiation]]

File:Visible light spectrum.PNG

2015-11-30T22:58:11Z

Ihammel6: Ihammel6 uploaded a new version of "File:Visible light spectrum.PNG"

File:Visible light spectrum.PNG

2015-11-30T22:56:05Z

Ihammel6:

Main Page

2015-11-30T22:17:16Z

Ihammel6: /* Radiation */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Big Bang Theory]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]
* [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Quantized Energy Levels]]
*[[Energy Density]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers]]
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
**[[Superconducters]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
*[[blahb]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]]

Main Page

2015-11-30T21:57:09Z

Ihammel6: /* Radiation */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Big Bang Theory]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]
* [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Quantized Energy Levels]]
*[[Energy Density]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers]]
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
**[[Superconducters]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Wavelength: Why is the Sky Blue]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
*[[blahb]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]]