Physics Book - User contributions [en]

VPython Animation

2015-12-05T22:14:04Z

Kadstedt:

Claimed by Kat Adstedt

This page is established to aid students in understanding how their coding in VPython affects the animation, and how they can make changes to their codes to reflect what they want in VPython.

==The Basic Concept Behind VPython Animation==
What greatly differs VPython from ordinary Python is that through IDLE, the interactive development environment, and the use of "visual," one can animate any 3D object in real time. The key aspect to using animation in VPython is within the first two lines of starting code:

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import*
</code>

===Uses of Animation===
Through VPython animation, one can accomplish various goals. Whether it's modeling a 3D structure to observe how it would react in the real world under specific circumstances, or modeling concepts that are too small to see or reactions not visible to the naked eye - such as the reaction between 2 wires or a ball in a magnetic field.

==Methods to Changing Your Animation==

===Loops===
The most effective way to change your animation is through loops. Arrows, balls, squares, and other objects are all subject to animation within VPython. The easiest way to do so - updating the position within the while loop. By updating variables in loops - the position, direction, speed, acceleration, and many other variables can be updated - one can cause the appearance of movement.

By updating the position of the object, the animation begins. However, in order to update position to a more accurate degree, the position must account for any forces acting on the object - such as gravity, magnetic fields, friction, etc.

The following code is a section taken from PHYS 2212 Lab 6 where animation occurs
<code>
:while proton.x<5e-10:
::rate(100)

::r1=barrow1.pos-proton.pos
::rmag1=mag(r1)
::rhat1 = r1/rmag1

::r2=barrow2.pos-proton.pos
::rmag2=mag(r2)
::rhat2 = r2/rmag2

::r3=barrow3.pos-proton.pos
::rmag3=mag(r3)
::rhat3 = r3/rmag3

::r4=barrow4.pos-proton.pos
::rmag4=mag(r4)
::rhat4 = r4/rmag4

::B1=C*cross(velocity,rhat1)*q/(rmag1**2)
::B2=C*cross(velocity,rhat2)*q/(rmag2**2)
::B3=C*cross(velocity,rhat3)*q/(rmag3**2)
::B4=C*cross(velocity,rhat4)*q/(rmag4**2)

::barrow1.axis = B1*scalefactor
::barrow2.axis = B2*scalefactor
::barrow3.axis = B3*scalefactor
::barrow4.axis = B4*scalefactor
::proton.pos = proton.pos+velocity*deltat
</code>

Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field
[[File:Lab6_Arrows.gif|Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field]]

===Changing Rate===
Within any loop, one may establish a rate. This rate serves as the speed at which the animation is performed within VPython. The rate value indicates that the computer will calculate X times in one second. By increasing the rate, the animation appears to move faster. On the other hand, decreasing the rate makes the animation appear to move much slower. Sometimes, by changing the rate, you can look for specific reactions or movements in the animation.

===Example===
A particle moving through a magnetic field, taken from PHYS 2212 - Lab 9 Magnetic Force. By updating the rate, the animation can appear to be faster - while other aspects like the max time or updating velocity and position serve to move the ball within the magnetic field.

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import *
:
:B0 = vector(0,0.2,0)
:
:xmax = .4
:dx = .1
:yg = -.1
:
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(x,yg,-xmax),(x,yg,xmax)], color=(.7,.7,.7))
:for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(-xmax,yg,z),(xmax,yg,z)],color=(.7,.7,.7))
:bscale = 1
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
::for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
:::arrow(pos=(x,yg,z), axis=B0*bscale, color=(0,.8,.8))
:
:deltat = 1e-11
:t = 0
:particle = sphere(pos = vector(0,.15,.3), radius = 1e-6, color=color.cyan)
:velocity = vector(-2e6,2e4,0)
:q = -1.6e-19
:mass = 1.7e-27
:p = mass*velocity
:trail = curve(color = particle.color)
:while t<1.67e-6:
::rate(3000)
::x = q*velocity
::Fb = cross(x,B0)
::p = p + Fb*deltat
::velocity = p/mass
::particle.pos = particle.pos + velocity*deltat
::trail.append(pos=particle.pos)
::if particle.pos.x == 0:
::print (t)
::t=t+deltat
</code>

#Rate at (400)
[[File:MagField_Rate400.gif|2. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (400)]]
#Rate at (4000)
[[File:MagField_4000.gif|1. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000)]]
#Rate at (4000), Increased Y velocity
[[File:MagField_IncY.gif|3. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000), Y velocity increased]]

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
:: VPython itself is a very interesting language to work with coding wise. I originally learned coding through Java, and become more proficient through Matlab. Having done an animation project in Matlab, I was already intrigued by the different ways you can code something to perform to your desires. However, in Matlab, animation wasn't always the easiest goal to achieve. Thus, when we started using VPython, and the animation was very straight-forward and smooth, I immediately enjoyed experimenting with it.
#How is it connected to your major?
::I myself am a Materials Science and Engineering major, so there isn't much coding to be seen. However, if you are trying to see how a material will fail or the way it acts in certain situations, VPython is a good method to model what you are doing in 3D and to be actually be able to visualize your material.
#Is there an interesting industrial application?
::An interesting industrial application is the 3D modeling aspect. While yes, there are more advanced programs to aid in 3D modeling, VPython works as a basic understanding and would be more useful in classroom settings (such as PHYS 2211/2212) and for basic demonstrations.

==History==

Ever since VPython was first established animation has been a key aspect. However, over the past few decades, improvements have been made - ranging from higher efficiency through "shortcuts" and new commands to new objects and bug fixes. Over time, VPython has become easier to use and is seen more within schools and classes as a great learning program.

== See also ==
[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython Intro]

[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics VPython Basics]

==Further Reading==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk

==References==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk
http://vpython.org/contents/docs/

[[Category:VPython]]

VPython Animation

2015-12-05T22:12:10Z

Kadstedt:

Claimed by Kat Adstedt

This page is established to aid students in understanding how their coding in VPython affects the animation, and how they can make changes to their codes to reflect what they want in VPython.

==The Basic Concept Behind VPython Animation==
What greatly differs VPython from ordinary Python is that through IDLE, the interactive development environment, and the use of "visual," one can animate any 3D object in real time. The key aspect to using animation in VPython is within the first two lines of starting code:

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import*
</code>

===Uses of Animation===
Through VPython animation, one can accomplish various goals. Whether it's modeling a 3D structure to observe how it would react in the real world under specific circumstances, or modeling concepts that are too small to see or reactions not visible to the naked eye - such as the reaction between 2 wires or a ball in a magnetic field.

==Methods to Changing Your Animation==

===Loops===
The most effective way to change your animation is through loops. Arrows, balls, squares, and other objects are all subject to animation within VPython. The easiest way to do so - updating the position within the while loop. By updating variables in loops - the position, direction, speed, acceleration, and many other variables can be updated - one can cause the appearance of movement.

By updating the position of the object, the animation begins. However, in order to update position to a more accurate degree, the position must account for any forces acting on the object - such as gravity, magnetic fields, friction, etc.

The following code is a section taken from PHYS 2212 Lab 6 where animation occurs
<code>
:while proton.x<5e-10:
::rate(100)

::r1=barrow1.pos-proton.pos
::rmag1=mag(r1)
::rhat1 = r1/rmag1

::r2=barrow2.pos-proton.pos
::rmag2=mag(r2)
::rhat2 = r2/rmag2

::r3=barrow3.pos-proton.pos
::rmag3=mag(r3)
::rhat3 = r3/rmag3

::r4=barrow4.pos-proton.pos
::rmag4=mag(r4)
::rhat4 = r4/rmag4

::B1=C*cross(velocity,rhat1)*q/(rmag1**2)
::B2=C*cross(velocity,rhat2)*q/(rmag2**2)
::B3=C*cross(velocity,rhat3)*q/(rmag3**2)
::B4=C*cross(velocity,rhat4)*q/(rmag4**2)

::barrow1.axis = B1*scalefactor
::barrow2.axis = B2*scalefactor
::barrow3.axis = B3*scalefactor
::barrow4.axis = B4*scalefactor
::proton.pos = proton.pos+velocity*deltat
</code>

Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field
[[File:Lab6_Arrows.gif|Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field]]

===Changing Rate===
Within any loop, one may establish a rate. This rate serves as the speed at which the animation is performed within VPython. The rate value indicates that the computer will calculate X times in one second. By increasing the rate, the animation appears to move faster. On the other hand, decreasing the rate makes the animation appear to move much slower. Sometimes, by changing the rate, you can look for specific reactions or movements in the animation.

===Example===
A particle moving through a magnetic field, taken from PHYS 2212 - Lab 9 Magnetic Force. By updating the rate, the animation can appear to be faster - while other aspects like the max time or updating velocity and position serve to move the ball within the magnetic field.

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import *
:
:B0 = vector(0,0.2,0)
:
:xmax = .4
:dx = .1
:yg = -.1
:
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(x,yg,-xmax),(x,yg,xmax)], color=(.7,.7,.7))
:for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(-xmax,yg,z),(xmax,yg,z)],color=(.7,.7,.7))
:bscale = 1
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
::for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
:::arrow(pos=(x,yg,z), axis=B0*bscale, color=(0,.8,.8))
:
:deltat = 1e-11
:t = 0
:particle = sphere(pos = vector(0,.15,.3), radius = 1e-6, color=color.cyan)
:velocity = vector(-2e6,2e4,0)
:q = -1.6e-19
:mass = 1.7e-27
:p = mass*velocity
:trail = curve(color = particle.color)
:while t<1.67e-6:
::rate(3000)
::x = q*velocity
::Fb = cross(x,B0)
::p = p + Fb*deltat
::velocity = p/mass
::particle.pos = particle.pos + velocity*deltat
::trail.append(pos=particle.pos)
::if particle.pos.x == 0:
::print (t)
::t=t+deltat
</code>

#Rate at (4000)
[[File:MagField_4000.gif|1. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000)]]
#Rate at (400)
[[File:MagField_Rate400.gif|2. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (400)]]
#Rate at (4000), Increased Y velocity
[[File:MagField_IncY.gif|3. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000), Y velocity increased]]

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
:: VPython itself is a very interesting language to work with coding wise. I originally learned coding through Java, and become more proficient through Matlab. Having done an animation project in Matlab, I was already intrigued by the different ways you can code something to perform to your desires. However, in Matlab, animation wasn't always the easiest goal to achieve. Thus, when we started using VPython, and the animation was very straight-forward and smooth, I immediately enjoyed experimenting with it.
#How is it connected to your major?
::I myself am a Materials Science and Engineering major, so there isn't much coding to be seen. However, if you are trying to see how a material will fail or the way it acts in certain situations, VPython is a good method to model what you are doing in 3D and to be actually be able to visualize your material.
#Is there an interesting industrial application?
::An interesting industrial application is the 3D modeling aspect. While yes, there are more advanced programs to aid in 3D modeling, VPython works as a basic understanding and would be more useful in classroom settings (such as PHYS 2211/2212) and for basic demonstrations.

==History==

Ever since VPython was first established animation has been a key aspect. However, over the past few decades, improvements have been made - ranging from higher efficiency through "shortcuts" and new commands to new objects and bug fixes. Over time, VPython has become easier to use and is seen more within schools and classes as a great learning program.

== See also ==
[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython Intro]

[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics VPython Basics]

==Further Reading==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk

==References==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk
http://vpython.org/contents/docs/

[[Category:VPython]]

VPython Animation

2015-12-05T22:11:08Z

Kadstedt:

Claimed by Kat Adstedt

This page is established to aid students in understanding how their coding in VPython affects the animation, and how they can make changes to their codes to reflect what they want in VPython.

==The Basic Concept Behind VPython Animation==
What greatly differs VPython from ordinary Python is that through IDLE, the interactive development environment, and the use of "visual," one can animate any 3D object in real time. The key aspect to using animation in VPython is within the first two lines of starting code:

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import*
</code>

===Uses of Animation===
Through VPython animation, one can accomplish various goals. Whether it's modeling a 3D structure to observe how it would react in the real world under specific circumstances, or modeling concepts that are too small to see or reactions not visible to the naked eye - such as the reaction between 2 wires or a ball in a magnetic field.

==Methods to Changing Your Animation==

===Loops===
The most effective way to change your animation is through loops. Arrows, balls, squares, and other objects are all subject to animation within VPython. The easiest way to do so - updating the position within the while loop. By updating variables in loops - the position, direction, speed, acceleration, and many other variables can be updated - one can cause the appearance of movement.

By updating the position of the object, the animation begins. However, in order to update position to a more accurate degree, the position must account for any forces acting on the object - such as gravity, magnetic fields, friction, etc.

The following code is a section taken from PHYS 2212 Lab 6 where animation occurs
<code>
:while proton.x<5e-10:
::rate(100)

::r1=barrow1.pos-proton.pos
::rmag1=mag(r1)
::rhat1 = r1/rmag1

::r2=barrow2.pos-proton.pos
::rmag2=mag(r2)
::rhat2 = r2/rmag2

::r3=barrow3.pos-proton.pos
::rmag3=mag(r3)
::rhat3 = r3/rmag3

::r4=barrow4.pos-proton.pos
::rmag4=mag(r4)
::rhat4 = r4/rmag4

::B1=C*cross(velocity,rhat1)*q/(rmag1**2)
::B2=C*cross(velocity,rhat2)*q/(rmag2**2)
::B3=C*cross(velocity,rhat3)*q/(rmag3**2)
::B4=C*cross(velocity,rhat4)*q/(rmag4**2)

::barrow1.axis = B1*scalefactor
::barrow2.axis = B2*scalefactor
::barrow3.axis = B3*scalefactor
::barrow4.axis = B4*scalefactor
::proton.pos = proton.pos+velocity*deltat
</code>

[[File:Lab6_Arrows.gif|Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field]]

===Changing Rate===
Within any loop, one may establish a rate. This rate serves as the speed at which the animation is performed within VPython. The rate value indicates that the computer will calculate X times in one second. By increasing the rate, the animation appears to move faster. On the other hand, decreasing the rate makes the animation appear to move much slower. Sometimes, by changing the rate, you can look for specific reactions or movements in the animation.

===Example===
A particle moving through a magnetic field, taken from PHYS 2212 - Lab 9 Magnetic Force. By updating the rate, the animation can appear to be faster - while other aspects like the max time or updating velocity and position serve to move the ball within the magnetic field.

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import *
:
:B0 = vector(0,0.2,0)
:
:xmax = .4
:dx = .1
:yg = -.1
:
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(x,yg,-xmax),(x,yg,xmax)], color=(.7,.7,.7))
:for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(-xmax,yg,z),(xmax,yg,z)],color=(.7,.7,.7))
:bscale = 1
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
::for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
:::arrow(pos=(x,yg,z), axis=B0*bscale, color=(0,.8,.8))
:
:deltat = 1e-11
:t = 0
:particle = sphere(pos = vector(0,.15,.3), radius = 1e-6, color=color.cyan)
:velocity = vector(-2e6,2e4,0)
:q = -1.6e-19
:mass = 1.7e-27
:p = mass*velocity
:trail = curve(color = particle.color)
:while t<1.67e-6:
::rate(3000)
::x = q*velocity
::Fb = cross(x,B0)
::p = p + Fb*deltat
::velocity = p/mass
::particle.pos = particle.pos + velocity*deltat
::trail.append(pos=particle.pos)
::if particle.pos.x == 0:
::print (t)
::t=t+deltat
</code>

#Rate at (4000)
[[File:MagField_4000.gif|1. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000)]]
increased]]
#Rate at (400)
[[File:MagField_Rate400.gif|2. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (400)]]
#Rate at (4000), Increased Y - velocity
[[File:MagField_IncY.gif|3. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000), Y velocity increased]]

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
:: VPython itself is a very interesting language to work with coding wise. I originally learned coding through Java, and become more proficient through Matlab. Having done an animation project in Matlab, I was already intrigued by the different ways you can code something to perform to your desires. However, in Matlab, animation wasn't always the easiest goal to achieve. Thus, when we started using VPython, and the animation was very straight-forward and smooth, I immediately enjoyed experimenting with it.
#How is it connected to your major?
::I myself am a Materials Science and Engineering major, so there isn't much coding to be seen. However, if you are trying to see how a material will fail or the way it acts in certain situations, VPython is a good method to model what you are doing in 3D and to be actually be able to visualize your material.
#Is there an interesting industrial application?
::An interesting industrial application is the 3D modeling aspect. While yes, there are more advanced programs to aid in 3D modeling, VPython works as a basic understanding and would be more useful in classroom settings (such as PHYS 2211/2212) and for basic demonstrations.

==History==

Ever since VPython was first established animation has been a key aspect. However, over the past few decades, improvements have been made - ranging from higher efficiency through "shortcuts" and new commands to new objects and bug fixes. Over time, VPython has become easier to use and is seen more within schools and classes as a great learning program.

== See also ==
[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython Intro]

[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics VPython Basics]

==Further Reading==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk

==References==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk
http://vpython.org/contents/docs/

[[Category:VPython]]

VPython Animation

2015-12-05T22:09:39Z

Kadstedt:

Claimed by Kat Adstedt

This page is established to aid students in understanding how their coding in VPython affects the animation, and how they can make changes to their codes to reflect what they want in VPython.

==The Basic Concept Behind VPython Animation==
What greatly differs VPython from ordinary Python is that through IDLE, the interactive development environment, and the use of "visual," one can animate any 3D object in real time. The key aspect to using animation in VPython is within the first two lines of starting code:

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import*
</code>

===Uses of Animation===
Through VPython animation, one can accomplish various goals. Whether it's modeling a 3D structure to observe how it would react in the real world under specific circumstances, or modeling concepts that are too small to see or reactions not visible to the naked eye - such as the reaction between 2 wires or a ball in a magnetic field.

==Methods to Changing Your Animation==

===Loops===
The most effective way to change your animation is through loops. Arrows, balls, squares, and other objects are all subject to animation within VPython. The easiest way to do so - updating the position within the while loop. By updating variables in loops - the position, direction, speed, acceleration, and many other variables can be updated - one can cause the appearance of movement.

By updating the position of the object, the animation begins. However, in order to update position to a more accurate degree, the position must account for any forces acting on the object - such as gravity, magnetic fields, friction, etc.

[[File:Lab6_Arrows.gif|Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field]]

The following code is a section taken from PHYS 2212 Lab 6 where animation occurs
<code>
:while proton.x<5e-10:
::rate(100)

::r1=barrow1.pos-proton.pos
::rmag1=mag(r1)
::rhat1 = r1/rmag1

::r2=barrow2.pos-proton.pos
::rmag2=mag(r2)
::rhat2 = r2/rmag2

::r3=barrow3.pos-proton.pos
::rmag3=mag(r3)
::rhat3 = r3/rmag3

::r4=barrow4.pos-proton.pos
::rmag4=mag(r4)
::rhat4 = r4/rmag4

::B1=C*cross(velocity,rhat1)*q/(rmag1**2)
::B2=C*cross(velocity,rhat2)*q/(rmag2**2)
::B3=C*cross(velocity,rhat3)*q/(rmag3**2)
::B4=C*cross(velocity,rhat4)*q/(rmag4**2)

::barrow1.axis = B1*scalefactor
::barrow2.axis = B2*scalefactor
::barrow3.axis = B3*scalefactor
::barrow4.axis = B4*scalefactor
::proton.pos = proton.pos+velocity*deltat
</code>

===Changing Rate===
Within any loop, one may establish a rate. This rate serves as the speed at which the animation is performed within VPython. The rate value indicates that the computer will calculate X times in one second. By increasing the rate, the animation appears to move faster. On the other hand, decreasing the rate makes the animation appear to move much slower. Sometimes, by changing the rate, you can look for specific reactions or movements in the animation.

===Example===
A particle moving through a magnetic field, taken from PHYS 2212 - Lab 9 Magnetic Force. By updating the rate, the animation can appear to be faster - while other aspects like the max time or updating velocity and position serve to move the ball within the magnetic field.

[[File:MagField_4000.gif|1. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000)]]

[[File:MagField_Rate400.gif|2. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (400)]]

[[File:MagField_IncY.gif|3. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000), Y velocity increased]]

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import *
:
:B0 = vector(0,0.2,0)
:
:xmax = .4
:dx = .1
:yg = -.1
:
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(x,yg,-xmax),(x,yg,xmax)], color=(.7,.7,.7))
:for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(-xmax,yg,z),(xmax,yg,z)],color=(.7,.7,.7))
:bscale = 1
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
::for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
:::arrow(pos=(x,yg,z), axis=B0*bscale, color=(0,.8,.8))
:
:deltat = 1e-11
:t = 0
:particle = sphere(pos = vector(0,.15,.3), radius = 1e-6, color=color.cyan)
:velocity = vector(-2e6,2e4,0)
:q = -1.6e-19
:mass = 1.7e-27
:p = mass*velocity
:trail = curve(color = particle.color)
:while t<1.67e-6:
::rate(3000)
::x = q*velocity
::Fb = cross(x,B0)
::p = p + Fb*deltat
::velocity = p/mass
::particle.pos = particle.pos + velocity*deltat
::trail.append(pos=particle.pos)
::if particle.pos.x == 0:
::print (t)
::t=t+deltat
</code>

#Rate at (4000)
#Rate at (400)
#Rate at (4000), Increased Y - velocity

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
:: VPython itself is a very interesting language to work with coding wise. I originally learned coding through Java, and become more proficient through Matlab. Having done an animation project in Matlab, I was already intrigued by the different ways you can code something to perform to your desires. However, in Matlab, animation wasn't always the easiest goal to achieve. Thus, when we started using VPython, and the animation was very straight-forward and smooth, I immediately enjoyed experimenting with it.
#How is it connected to your major?
::I myself am a Materials Science and Engineering major, so there isn't much coding to be seen. However, if you are trying to see how a material will fail or the way it acts in certain situations, VPython is a good method to model what you are doing in 3D and to be actually be able to visualize your material.
#Is there an interesting industrial application?
::An interesting industrial application is the 3D modeling aspect. While yes, there are more advanced programs to aid in 3D modeling, VPython works as a basic understanding and would be more useful in classroom settings (such as PHYS 2211/2212) and for basic demonstrations.

==History==

Ever since VPython was first established animation has been a key aspect. However, over the past few decades, improvements have been made - ranging from higher efficiency through "shortcuts" and new commands to new objects and bug fixes. Over time, VPython has become easier to use and is seen more within schools and classes as a great learning program.

== See also ==
[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython Intro]

[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics VPython Basics]

==Further Reading==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk

==References==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk
http://vpython.org/contents/docs/

[[Category:VPython]]

File:MagField IncY.gif

2015-12-05T22:05:00Z

Kadstedt:

VPython Animation

2015-12-05T22:04:44Z

Kadstedt:

Claimed by Kat Adstedt

This page is established to aid students in understanding how their coding in VPython affects the animation, and how they can make changes to their codes to reflect what they want in VPython.

==The Basic Concept Behind VPython Animation==
What greatly differs VPython from ordinary Python is that through IDLE, the interactive development environment, and the use of "visual," one can animate any 3D object in real time. The key aspect to using animation in VPython is within the first two lines of starting code:

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import*
</code>

===Uses of Animation===
Through VPython animation, one can accomplish various goals. Whether it's modeling a 3D structure to observe how it would react in the real world under specific circumstances, or modeling concepts that are too small to see or reactions not visible to the naked eye - such as the reaction between 2 wires or a ball in a magnetic field.

==Methods to Changing Your Animation==

===Loops===
The most effective way to change your animation is through loops. Arrows, balls, squares, and other objects are all subject to animation within VPython. The easiest way to do so - updating the position within the while loop. By updating variables in loops - the position, direction, speed, acceleration, and many other variables can be updated - one can cause the appearance of movement.

By updating the position of the object, the animation begins. However, in order to update position to a more accurate degree, the position must account for any forces acting on the object - such as gravity, magnetic fields, friction, etc.

[[File:Lab6_Arrows.gif|thumb|Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field]]

The following code is a section taken from PHYS 2212 Lab 6 where animation occurs
<code>
:while proton.x<5e-10:
::rate(100)

::r1=barrow1.pos-proton.pos
::rmag1=mag(r1)
::rhat1 = r1/rmag1

::r2=barrow2.pos-proton.pos
::rmag2=mag(r2)
::rhat2 = r2/rmag2

::r3=barrow3.pos-proton.pos
::rmag3=mag(r3)
::rhat3 = r3/rmag3

::r4=barrow4.pos-proton.pos
::rmag4=mag(r4)
::rhat4 = r4/rmag4

::B1=C*cross(velocity,rhat1)*q/(rmag1**2)
::B2=C*cross(velocity,rhat2)*q/(rmag2**2)
::B3=C*cross(velocity,rhat3)*q/(rmag3**2)
::B4=C*cross(velocity,rhat4)*q/(rmag4**2)

::barrow1.axis = B1*scalefactor
::barrow2.axis = B2*scalefactor
::barrow3.axis = B3*scalefactor
::barrow4.axis = B4*scalefactor
::proton.pos = proton.pos+velocity*deltat
</code>

===Changing Rate===
Within any loop, one may establish a rate. This rate serves as the speed at which the animation is performed within VPython. The rate value indicates that the computer will calculate X times in one second. By increasing the rate, the animation appears to move faster. On the other hand, decreasing the rate makes the animation appear to move much slower. Sometimes, by changing the rate, you can look for specific reactions or movements in the animation.

===Example===
A particle moving through a magnetic field, taken from PHYS 2212 - Lab 9 Magnetic Force. By updating the rate, the animation can appear to be faster - while other aspects like the max time or updating velocity and position serve to move the ball within the magnetic field.

[[File:MagField_4000.gif|thumb|left|1. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000)]]

[[File:MagField_Rate400.gif|thumb|left|2. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (400)]]

[[File:MagField_IncY.gif|thumb|left|3. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000), Y velocity increased]]

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import *
:
:B0 = vector(0,0.2,0)
:
:xmax = .4
:dx = .1
:yg = -.1
:
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(x,yg,-xmax),(x,yg,xmax)], color=(.7,.7,.7))
:for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(-xmax,yg,z),(xmax,yg,z)],color=(.7,.7,.7))
:bscale = 1
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
::for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
:::arrow(pos=(x,yg,z), axis=B0*bscale, color=(0,.8,.8))
:
:deltat = 1e-11
:t = 0
:particle = sphere(pos = vector(0,.15,.3), radius = 1e-6, color=color.cyan)
:velocity = vector(-2e6,2e4,0)
:q = -1.6e-19
:mass = 1.7e-27
:p = mass*velocity
:trail = curve(color = particle.color)
:while t<1.67e-6:
::rate(3000)
::x = q*velocity
::Fb = cross(x,B0)
::p = p + Fb*deltat
::velocity = p/mass
::particle.pos = particle.pos + velocity*deltat
::trail.append(pos=particle.pos)
::if particle.pos.x == 0:
::print (t)
::t=t+deltat
</code>

#Rate at (4000)
#Rate at (400)
#Rate at (4000), Increased Y - velocity

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
:: VPython itself is a very interesting language to work with coding wise. I originally learned coding through Java, and become more proficient through Matlab. Having done an animation project in Matlab, I was already intrigued by the different ways you can code something to perform to your desires. However, in Matlab, animation wasn't always the easiest goal to achieve. Thus, when we started using VPython, and the animation was very straight-forward and smooth, I immediately enjoyed experimenting with it.
#How is it connected to your major?
::I myself am a Materials Science and Engineering major, so there isn't much coding to be seen. However, if you are trying to see how a material will fail or the way it acts in certain situations, VPython is a good method to model what you are doing in 3D and to be actually be able to visualize your material.
#Is there an interesting industrial application?
::An interesting industrial application is the 3D modeling aspect. While yes, there are more advanced programs to aid in 3D modeling, VPython works as a basic understanding and would be more useful in classroom settings (such as PHYS 2211/2212) and for basic demonstrations.

==History==

VPython first ...

== See also ==
[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython Intro]

[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics VPython Basics]

==Further Reading==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk

==References==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk
http://vpython.org/contents/docs/

[[Category:VPython]]

File:MagField Rate400.gif

2015-12-05T21:53:46Z

Kadstedt:

File:Lab6 Arrows.gif

2015-12-05T21:51:51Z

Kadstedt:

File:MagField 4000.gif

2015-12-05T21:50:49Z

Kadstedt:

VPython Animation

2015-12-05T21:50:12Z

Kadstedt: Animation in VPython

This page as been claimed by Kat Adstedt

This page is established to aid students in understanding how their coding in VPython affects the animation, and how they can make changes to their codes to reflect what they want in VPython.

==The Basic Concept Behind VPython Animation==
What greatly differs VPython from ordinary Python is that through IDLE, the interactive development environment, and the use of "visual," one can animate any 3D object in real time. The key aspect to using animation in VPython is within the first two lines of starting code:

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import*
</code>

===Uses of Animation===
Through VPython animation, one can accomplish various goals. Whether it's modeling a 3D structure to observe how it would react in the real world under specific circumstances, or modeling concepts that are too small to see or reactions not visible to the naked eye - such as the reaction between 2 wires or a ball in a magnetic field.

==Methods to Changing Your Animation==

===Loops===
The most effective way to change your animation is through loops. Arrows, balls, squares, and other objects are all subject to animation within VPython. The easiest way to do so - updating the position within the while loop. By updating variables in loops - the position, direction, speed, acceleration, and many other variables can be updated - one can cause the appearance of movement.

By updating the position of the object, the animation begins. However, in order to update position to a more accurate degree, the position must account for any forces acting on the object - such as gravity, magnetic fields, friction, etc.

The following code is a section taken from PHYS 2212 Lab 6 where animation occurs
<code>
:while proton.x<5e-10:
::rate(100)

::r1=barrow1.pos-proton.pos
::rmag1=mag(r1)
::rhat1 = r1/rmag1

::r2=barrow2.pos-proton.pos
::rmag2=mag(r2)
::rhat2 = r2/rmag2

::r3=barrow3.pos-proton.pos
::rmag3=mag(r3)
::rhat3 = r3/rmag3

::r4=barrow4.pos-proton.pos
::rmag4=mag(r4)
::rhat4 = r4/rmag4

::B1=C*cross(velocity,rhat1)*q/(rmag1**2)
::B2=C*cross(velocity,rhat2)*q/(rmag2**2)
::B3=C*cross(velocity,rhat3)*q/(rmag3**2)
::B4=C*cross(velocity,rhat4)*q/(rmag4**2)

::barrow1.axis = B1*scalefactor
::barrow2.axis = B2*scalefactor
::barrow3.axis = B3*scalefactor
::barrow4.axis = B4*scalefactor
::proton.pos = proton.pos+velocity*deltat
</code>

===Changing Rate===
Within any loop, one may establish a rate. This rate serves as the speed at which the animation is performed within VPython. The rate value indicates that the computer will calculate X times in one second. By increasing the rate, the animation appears to move faster. On the other hand, decreasing the rate makes the animation appear to move much slower. Sometimes, by changing the rate, you can look for specific reactions or movements in the animation.

===Example===
A particle moving through a magnetic field, taken from PHYS 2212 - Lab 9 Magnetic Force. By updating the rate, the animation can appear to be faster - while other aspects like the max time or updating velocity and position serve to move the ball within the magnetic field.

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import *
:
:B0 = vector(0,0.2,0)
:
:xmax = .4
:dx = .1
:yg = -.1
:
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(x,yg,-xmax),(x,yg,xmax)], color=(.7,.7,.7))
:for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(-xmax,yg,z),(xmax,yg,z)],color=(.7,.7,.7))
:bscale = 1
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
::for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
:::arrow(pos=(x,yg,z), axis=B0*bscale, color=(0,.8,.8))
:
:deltat = 1e-11
:t = 0
:particle = sphere(pos = vector(0,.15,.3), radius = 1e-6, color=color.cyan)
:velocity = vector(-2e6,2e4,0)
:q = -1.6e-19
:mass = 1.7e-27
:p = mass*velocity
:trail = curve(color = particle.color)
:while t<1.67e-6:
::rate(3000)
::x = q*velocity
::Fb = cross(x,B0)
::p = p + Fb*deltat
::velocity = p/mass
::particle.pos = particle.pos + velocity*deltat
::trail.append(pos=particle.pos)
::if particle.pos.x == 0:
::print (t)
::t=t+deltat
</code>

#Rate at (4000)
#Rate at (1000)

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
:: VPython itself is a very interesting language to work with coding wise. I originally learned coding through Java, and become more proficient through Matlab. Having done an animation project in Matlab, I was already intrigued by the different ways you can code something to perform to your desires. However, in Matlab, animation wasn't always the easiest goal to achieve. Thus, when we started using VPython, and the animation was very straight-forward and smooth, I immediately enjoyed experimenting with it.
#How is it connected to your major?
::I myself am a Materials Science and Engineering major, so there isn't much coding to be seen. However, if you are trying to see how a material will fail or the way it acts in certain situations, VPython is a good method to model what you are doing in 3D and to be actually be able to visualize your material.
#Is there an interesting industrial application?
::An interesting industrial application is the 3D modeling aspect. While yes, there are more advanced programs to aid in 3D modeling, VPython works as a basic understanding and would be more useful in classroom settings (such as PHYS 2211/2212) and for basic demonstrations.

==History==

VPython first ...

== See also ==
[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython Intro]

[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics VPython Basics]

==Further Reading==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk

==References==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk
http://vpython.org/contents/docs/

[[Category:VPython]]

Main Page

2015-12-05T19:50:16Z

Kadstedt: /* Modeling with VPython */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Inductors]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Lightning]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations