http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Lwinalski3 2026-05-01T10:52:51Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.42.7 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22976 2016-04-18T02:14:35Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Static Electricity===<br /> Static electricity is energy that builds up due to the interaction between charged objects. Simply put, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KEgBdatN8 static electricity] is an imbalance between positive and negative charges. Because objects are polarizable - whether completely (conductors) or incompletely (insulators), when charged objects come into contact with each other, the electrons and protons within reorient or shift. As illustrated above, opposites attract, meaning negatively charged objects will experience an attractive force towards positively charged objects. On the other hand, similarly charged species will repel each other. When similarly charged objects are brought into contact with one another, the mobile particles will attempt to escape as quickly as possible. This rapid movement of similarly charged particles is known as static shock. Homeowners frequently experience static shock as they walk across a bedroom carpet and build up electrons on their body. When they reach for a doorknob or light switch, they experience static shock as the electrons quickly &quot;escape,&quot; or discharge.<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> The basic set up of a gel electrophoresis experiment to separate DNA. <br /> [[File:electrode.jpg]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;Photo copied from Encyclopedia Britannica.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The microscopic process of polarization has expanded into the macroscopic world through light, radio waves, and industry. The macroscopic application of the microscopic phenomenon was first discovered by Etienne Louis Malus, a French physicist in the early 1800s. Malus understood that light is consists of electromagnetic waves, and therefore, contains a range of radiation. The human eye is unable to see all of the waves in the range of light, but Malus used instruments and science to explore light outside of the visible spectrum, the region capable of detection by the human eye. Through his studies, Malus discovered the versatile applications of polarization.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. Static Electricity. Gel Electrophoresis. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> *http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> *http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> *https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KEgBdatN8<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> *https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> *http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> *http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> *http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> *Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> *http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> *http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> '''Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.'''</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22973 2016-04-18T02:14:14Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Static Electricity===<br /> Static electricity is energy that builds up due to the interaction between charged objects. Simply put, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KEgBdatN8 static electricity] is an imbalance between positive and negative charges. Because objects are polarizable - whether completely (conductors) or incompletely (insulators), when charged objects come into contact with each other, the electrons and protons within reorient or shift. As illustrated above, opposites attract, meaning negatively charged objects will experience an attractive force towards positively charged objects. On the other hand, similarly charged species will repel each other. When similarly charged objects are brought into contact with one another, the mobile particles will attempt to escape as quickly as possible. This rapid movement of similarly charged particles is known as static shock. Homeowners frequently experience static shock as they walk across a bedroom carpet and build up electrons on their body. When they reach for a doorknob or light switch, they experience static shock as the electrons quickly &quot;escape,&quot; or discharge.<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> The basic set up of a gel electrophoresis experiment to separate DNA. <br /> [[File:electrode.jpg]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;Photo copied from Encyclopedia Britannica.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The microscopic process of polarization has expanded into the macroscopic world through light, radio waves, and industry. The macroscopic application of the microscopic phenomenon was first discovered by Etienne Louis Malus, a French physicist in the early 1800s. Malus understood that light is consists of electromagnetic waves, and therefore, contains a range of radiation. The human eye is unable to see all of the waves in the range of light, but Malus used instruments and science to explore light outside of the visible spectrum, the region capable of detection by the human eye. Through his studies, Malus discovered the versatile applications of polarization.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> *http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> *http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> *https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KEgBdatN8<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> *https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> *http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> *http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> *http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> *Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> *http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> *http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> '''Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.'''</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22969 2016-04-18T02:13:30Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* External links */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Static Electricity===<br /> Static electricity is energy that builds up due to the interaction between charged objects. Simply put, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KEgBdatN8 static electricity] is an imbalance between positive and negative charges. Because objects are polarizable - whether completely (conductors) or incompletely (insulators), when charged objects come into contact with each other, the electrons and protons within reorient or shift. As illustrated above, opposites attract, meaning negatively charged objects will experience an attractive force towards positively charged objects. On the other hand, similarly charged species will repel each other. When similarly charged objects are brought into contact with one another, the mobile particles will attempt to escape as quickly as possible. This rapid movement of similarly charged particles is known as static shock. Homeowners frequently experience static shock as they walk across a bedroom carpet and build up electrons on their body. When they reach for a doorknob or light switch, they experience static shock as the electrons quickly &quot;escape,&quot; or discharge.<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> The basic set up of a gel electrophoresis experiment to separate DNA. <br /> [[File:electrode.jpg]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;Photo copied from Encyclopedia Britannica.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The microscopic process of polarization has expanded into the macroscopic world through light, radio waves, and industry. The macroscopic application of the microscopic phenomenon was first discovered by Etienne Louis Malus, a French physicist in the early 1800s. Malus understood that light is consists of electromagnetic waves, and therefore, contains a range of radiation. The human eye is unable to see all of the waves in the range of light, but Malus used instruments and science to explore light outside of the visible spectrum, the region capable of detection by the human eye. Through his studies, Malus discovered the versatile applications of polarization.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> *http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> *http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> *https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KEgBdatN8<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> *Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22967 2016-04-18T02:13:03Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Static Electricity */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Static Electricity===<br /> Static electricity is energy that builds up due to the interaction between charged objects. Simply put, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KEgBdatN8 static electricity] is an imbalance between positive and negative charges. Because objects are polarizable - whether completely (conductors) or incompletely (insulators), when charged objects come into contact with each other, the electrons and protons within reorient or shift. As illustrated above, opposites attract, meaning negatively charged objects will experience an attractive force towards positively charged objects. On the other hand, similarly charged species will repel each other. When similarly charged objects are brought into contact with one another, the mobile particles will attempt to escape as quickly as possible. This rapid movement of similarly charged particles is known as static shock. Homeowners frequently experience static shock as they walk across a bedroom carpet and build up electrons on their body. When they reach for a doorknob or light switch, they experience static shock as the electrons quickly &quot;escape,&quot; or discharge.<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> The basic set up of a gel electrophoresis experiment to separate DNA. <br /> [[File:electrode.jpg]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;Photo copied from Encyclopedia Britannica.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The microscopic process of polarization has expanded into the macroscopic world through light, radio waves, and industry. The macroscopic application of the microscopic phenomenon was first discovered by Etienne Louis Malus, a French physicist in the early 1800s. Malus understood that light is consists of electromagnetic waves, and therefore, contains a range of radiation. The human eye is unable to see all of the waves in the range of light, but Malus used instruments and science to explore light outside of the visible spectrum, the region capable of detection by the human eye. Through his studies, Malus discovered the versatile applications of polarization.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> *Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22958 2016-04-18T02:10:04Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Static Electricity===<br /> Static electricity is energy that builds up due to the interaction between two oppositely charged objects. Simply put, static electricity is an imbalance between positive and negative charges. Because objects are polarizable - whether completely (conductors) or incompletely (insulators), when charged objects come into contact with each other, the electrons and protons within reorient or shift. As illustrated above, opposites attract, meaning negatively charged objects will experience an attractive force towards positively charged objects. On the other hand, similarly charged species will repel each other. When similarly charged objects are brought into contact with one another, the mobile particles will attempt to escape as quickly as possible. This rapid movement of similarly charged particles is known as static shock. Homeowners frequently experience static shock as they walk across a bedroom carpet and build up electrons on their body. When they reach for a doorknob or light switch, they experience static shock as the electrons quickly &quot;escape,&quot; or discharge. <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> The basic set up of a gel electrophoresis experiment to separate DNA. <br /> [[File:electrode.jpg]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;Photo copied from Encyclopedia Britannica.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The microscopic process of polarization has expanded into the macroscopic world through light, radio waves, and industry. The macroscopic application of the microscopic phenomenon was first discovered by Etienne Louis Malus, a French physicist in the early 1800s. Malus understood that light is consists of electromagnetic waves, and therefore, contains a range of radiation. The human eye is unable to see all of the waves in the range of light, but Malus used instruments and science to explore light outside of the visible spectrum, the region capable of detection by the human eye. Through his studies, Malus discovered the versatile applications of polarization.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> *Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22944 2016-04-18T02:01:46Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* The Main Idea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Static Electricity===<br /> Static electricity is energy that builds up due to the interaction between two oppositely charged objects. Simply put, static electricity is an imbalance between positive and negative charges. Because objects are polarizable - whether completely (conductors) or incompletely (insulators), when charged objects come into contact with each other, the electrons and protons within reorient or shift. As illustrated above, opposites attract, meaning negatively charged objects will experience an attractive force towards positively charged objects. On the other hand, similarly charged species will repel each other. When similarly charged objects are brought into contact with one another, the mobile particles will attempt to escape as quickly as possible. This rapid movement of similarly charged particles is known as static shock. Homeowners frequently experience static shock as they walk across a bedroom carpet and build up electrons on their body. When they reach for a doorknob or light switch, they experience static shock as the electrons quickly &quot;escape,&quot; or discharge. <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> The basic set up of a gel electrophoresis experiment to separate DNA. <br /> [[File:electrode.jpg]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;Photo copied from Encyclopedia Britannica.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> *Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22928 2016-04-18T01:52:51Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* The Main Idea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> The basic set up of a gel electrophoresis experiment to separate DNA. <br /> [[File:electrode.jpg]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;Photo copied from Encyclopedia Britannica.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> *Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22926 2016-04-18T01:51:09Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Connectedness */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> The basic set up of a gel electrophoresis experiment to separate DNA. <br /> [[File:electrode.jpg]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;Photo copied from Encyclopedia Britannica.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> *Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22922 2016-04-18T01:50:41Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> The basic set up of a gel electrophoresis experiment to separate DNA. Photo copied from Encyclopedia Britannica. <br /> [[File:electrode.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> *Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=File:Electrode.jpg&diff=22919 2016-04-18T01:49:02Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22918 2016-04-18T01:48:41Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Connectedness */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing. Much of modern medicine has come about simply based on the notion of charge and the interaction between positively and negatively charged species. <br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> *Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22916 2016-04-18T01:47:22Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/gel-electrophoresis<br /> <br /> *Unless otherwise stated, images were made by the author or editor.</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22914 2016-04-18T01:46:45Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Connectedness */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As stated above, charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential principles in chemistry. Electrophoresis is the process of separating a mixture using electricity. Charges flow through a sample causing the components to separate based on their charge: positively charged components are attracted to the negative electrode and negatively charged components are attracted to the positive electrode. Gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the development of vaccines and modern medicines. Additionally, it is solely responsible for the separation of DNA: a key tool in forensic identification and genetic testing.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22901 2016-04-18T01:41:58Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Connectedness */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> Polarization helps explain the mystical, yet fascinating, phenomena of attraction between neutral and charged objects. Polarization is evident in our every day lives in many ways. For example, the build up of static charge on your socks as you walk across the carpet and the shock you feel when you touch a door handle as your body discharges. As with the entire field of physics, polarization helps explain he science behind many of the phenomena we experience daily that go unnoticed. <br /> &lt;br&gt; <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> <br /> Edit by Laura: As a biochemistry major, it is important for me to understand the interactions between molecules. Whether I am in the analytical laboratory, running mass spectrometry on a sample and need to choose whether to detect negative or positive ions, or I am in the biochemistry laboratory, running gel electrophoresis on a sample of DNA, watching the negative strands move towards the positive electrode and the positive components move towards the negative electrode, the basic principle is the same: CHARGES ARE IMPORTANT. Charges and the interactions between charged molecules are essential for chemistry, for physics, and for, in truth, life as we know it. <br /> <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22876 2016-04-18T01:33:09Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Difficult */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22875 2016-04-18T01:32:57Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Difficult */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force, the block polarizes in the manner illustrated below: negative charges move to the left, positive charges move to the right. The positive surface charges on the block near sphere C cause induced polarization, forming induced dipoles, as Sphere C is an insulator. If Sphere C were a conductor, the sphere would polarize, but as it stands, a mere reorientation takes places. The negative charges of Sphere C orient close to the positive surface charges of Block B. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22855 2016-04-18T01:26:09Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Difficult */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization of Block B and Sphere C if Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge on Sphere A creates an electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on the block away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to the electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22840 2016-04-18T01:23:44Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Middling */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a zero net electric field inside the sphere. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22836 2016-04-18T01:23:01Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Middling */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause a neutral metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field (its magnitude and direction), and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field points towards the negatively charged rod. The electric force is also pointed towards the charged rod. Thus, the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far right side of the sphere. The polarization creates a large dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22791 2016-04-18T01:00:13Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Simple */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22786 2016-04-18T00:59:14Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Simple */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|1]] True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Number_sign|2]] False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Number_sign|3]] False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> &lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Number_sign|4]] True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22785 2016-04-18T00:58:48Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Examples */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|1]] True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|2]] False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|3]] False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|4]] True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22784 2016-04-18T00:57:59Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Simple */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|number sign]] (1) True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|number sign]] (2) False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|number sign]] (3) False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|number sign]] (4) True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22782 2016-04-18T00:56:45Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Simple */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. Charged particles can flow freely within conductors. <br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 when both insulators and conductors are in equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charges become localized on the surface within insulators, but not within conductors.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. True. There are mobile charges in conductors. Insulators do not have mobile charges as the electrons are bound tightly to the atoms. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 only when conductors are in equilibrium. Insulators are not able to reach equilibrium. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges within conductors become localized on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere: either on the surface or inside of the material. <br /> 4. True. The formula for drift speed - &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; - includes the mobility of the charge and the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of the mobile charge.<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22774 2016-04-18T00:51:57Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> Simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or a dipole<br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22772 2016-04-18T00:51:06Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg | A simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or dipole]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22771 2016-04-18T00:50:37Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg|A simple schematic of a polarized molecule, or dipole]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22769 2016-04-18T00:50:06Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:dipole1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=File:Dipole1.jpg&diff=22767 2016-04-18T00:49:17Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22766 2016-04-18T00:48:20Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22765 2016-04-18T00:47:38Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:dipole.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22745 2016-04-18T00:30:49Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* A Mathematical Model */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Dipole Moment:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> '''Drift Speed:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22742 2016-04-18T00:30:21Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* A Mathematical Model */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''Electric Force:''' &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22738 2016-04-18T00:29:35Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> Useful formulas for calculating polarization and its effects:<br /> <br /> '''bold''' Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22727 2016-04-18T00:27:17Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* The Main Idea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. If the applied electric field is large enough, the induced dipoles will generate their own electric field as illustrated below. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Conductors are materials in which charged particles are able to flow freely, unlike insulators in which charged particles are tightly bound to the atoms. Charged particles within conductors are able to move great distances, and their movement is the basis of electricity. Common examples of conductors include silver, gold, salt water, concrete, and aluminum. As a result of the unrestricted freedom of charged particles, polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators. While the electrons in an insulator are capable of reorienting themselves, the electrons in conductors can move great distances and spread across the entire surface in response to the application of external charge. The mobile charges can even accumulate on the outside of the surface of a conductor! The process of polarization may cause the mobile charges to reorient on the surface in such a way that the net electric field goes to zero as the electric field on the surface cancels out the applied electric field. When this happens, the object is said to be in equilibrium and the electrons are no longer capable of moving through the object. The speed with which the mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by the mobility of the mobile charges. As made evident by this equation, when the object is in equilibrium, the charges stop moving. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22705 2016-04-18T00:15:43Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulators=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== <br /> Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22703 2016-04-18T00:15:12Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* The Main Idea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Insulator=== <br /> Insulators are materials in which the electrons are tightly bound to the atoms, preventing the movement of charged particles throughout the material. As a result, electricity - or mobile charges - is unable to flow through the object and it is said to &quot;insulate&quot; one object from another. Common examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, and glass. Insulators have very low polarizability constants. In the presence of an externally applied electric field, the electrons in an atom shift positions slightly, but are unable to move and become separated from the protons. At most, the electrons can shift one atomic diameter, or 1x10^-10 meters, but they ultimately remain attached to the atoms. This results in the induced polarization of the individual molecules inside the insulator, as the applied electric field has caused the normally neutral object to become polarized. Within each of the individual molecules making up the insulator, dipoles have formed, but the molecules themselves have not moved. The magnitude of the induced polarization is dependent upon the strength of the applied electric field. The stronger the applied electric field, the greater effect it has on the insulator. Although the molecules are not shifting, induced polarization still creates a large effect as there are many molecules to be polarized and therefore, many induced dipoles to form. The separation of the positive and negative charges is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarization in Conductors=== Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22682 2016-04-17T23:58:29Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarizability===<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22680 2016-04-17T23:58:17Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* External links */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarizability===<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22671 2016-04-17T23:54:41Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. The amount of polarization an object experiences, or the dipole moment, is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the magnitude of the applied electric field. Polarization occurs differently in insulators - materials through which mobile charges cannot flow - and conductors - materials through which mobile charges can flow. It is important to note that the process of polarization in and of itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field to an object will create an outward field, resulting in the movement of the electron closer to the external positive charge and the positively-charged nucleus further away from the external charge. With the charges physically separated in space, an induced dipole forms. When the external positive charge is removed, the induced dipole disappears and the object is once again neutral. This is drastically different from permanent dipoles, in which the positive and negative charges are always physically separated. Polarization and the resulting creation of induced dipoles helps explain the seemingly magical attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object produces an electric field that, when brought near neutral objects, generates induced dipoles. The protons and electrons reorient themselves in the presence of the charged object's electric field and attractive forces can be observed between the two objects. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Polarizability===<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22662 2016-04-17T23:41:30Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* The Main Idea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source of the field, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field will create an outward field which will move the average electron position closer to the positive charge and the nucleus further away. Through this process of polarization, charges or electric fields effectively make neutral object induced dipoles. Polarization explains the attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object creates an electric field that causes the opposite sign charge closer which in turn causes a net attraction. How readily a charged object can cause a material to polarize or the polarizability is different for different materials. The amount of polarization or the dipole moment is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the electric field applied. The two main type of material are insulators and conductors and each of these handles polarization in a different way. It is important to understand that polarization itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22661 2016-04-17T23:41:10Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* The Main Idea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source of the field, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field will create an outward field which will move the average electron position closer to the positive charge and the nucleus further away. Through this process of polarization, charges or electric fields effectively make neutral object induced dipoles. Polarization explains the attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object creates an electric field that causes the opposite sign charge closer which in turn causes a net attraction. How readily a charged object can cause a material to polarize or the polarizability is different for different materials. The amount of polarization or the dipole moment is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the electric field applied. The two main type of material are insulators and conductors and each of these handles polarization in a different way. It is important to understand that polarization itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22660 2016-04-17T23:40:51Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O0yWvQhWkU induced dipoles]. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At the atomic level, the application of external charges causes the subatomic particles, namely, positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons, to reorient with respect to the applied charge. The external application of a positive charge on the left side of a molecule will result in the electrons moving to the left, as they are attracted to the positive charge, and the protons moving to the right, as they are repelled by the positive charge. Similarly, the external application of a negative charge on the right side of a molecule will result in the protons moving to the right, as they are attracted to the negative charge, and the electrons moving to the left, as they are repelled by the negative charge. (See [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Charge-Interactions Charge Interaction])<br /> &lt;br&gt; The externally applied charges are, in truth, electric fields. Positive electric fields point outwards, away from the source of the field, or the object creating the field. Negative charges, on the other hand, create inward pointing electric fields that point towards the source of the field. The external application of a positive electric field will create an outward field which will move the average electron position closer to the positive charge and the nucleus further away. Through this process of polarization, charges or electric fields effectively make neutral object induced dipoles. Polarization explains the attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object creates an electric field that causes the opposite sign charge closer which in turn causes a net attraction. How readily a charged object can cause a material to polarize or the polarizability is different for different materials. The amount of polarization or the dipole moment is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the electric field applied. The two main type of material are insulators and conductors and each of these handles polarization in a different way. It is important to understand that polarization itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22634 2016-04-17T23:28:10Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Polarizability is a constant value, determined experimentally, and is unique to each particular material. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object becomes a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separated, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization is said to create induced dipoles. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At an atomic level, external charges cause subatomic particles to restructure in way that is can be described as polarization. For example, a positive charge will create an outward field which will move the average electron position closer to the positive charge and the nucleus further away. Through this process of polarization, charges or electric fields effectively make neutral object induced dipoles. Polarization explains the attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object creates an electric field that causes the opposite sign charge closer which in turn causes a net attraction. How readily a charged object can cause a material to polarize or the polarizability is different for different materials. The amount of polarization or the dipole moment is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the electric field applied. The two main type of material are insulators and conductors and each of these handles polarization in a different way. It is important to understand that polarization itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22632 2016-04-17T23:26:42Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization defined] as &quot;the process of separating opposite charges within an object&quot; by the application of an electric field. When the positive and negative charges within an object have become separated, the object is said to be polarized. Polarizability is the ease with which the charges in an object can be separated. Its value is determined experimentally and is unique to each particular material. Due to the physical separation of its positive and negative charges, a polarized object is a dipole, so long as the charge separation continues. Once the electric field causing the polarization is removed and the positive and negative charges are no longer separate, the dipole disappears. For this reason, the process of polarization creates induced dipoles. <br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At an atomic level, external charges cause subatomic particles to restructure in way that is can be described as polarization. For example, a positive charge will create an outward field which will move the average electron position closer to the positive charge and the nucleus further away. Through this process of polarization, charges or electric fields effectively make neutral object induced dipoles. Polarization explains the attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object creates an electric field that causes the opposite sign charge closer which in turn causes a net attraction. How readily a charged object can cause a material to polarize or the polarizability is different for different materials. The amount of polarization or the dipole moment is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the electric field applied. The two main type of material are insulators and conductors and each of these handles polarization in a different way. It is important to understand that polarization itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22617 2016-04-17T23:18:42Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> &lt;br&gt; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.britannica.com/science/polarization-physics defined] as the &quot;property of certain electromagnetic radiations in which the direction and magnitude of the vibrating electric field are related in a specified way.&quot;<br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At an atomic level, external charges cause subatomic particles to restructure in way that is can be described as polarization. For example, a positive charge will create an outward field which will move the average electron position closer to the positive charge and the nucleus further away. Through this process of polarization, charges or electric fields effectively make neutral object induced dipoles. Polarization explains the attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object creates an electric field that causes the opposite sign charge closer which in turn causes a net attraction. How readily a charged object can cause a material to polarize or the polarizability is different for different materials. The amount of polarization or the dipole moment is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the electric field applied. The two main type of material are insulators and conductors and each of these handles polarization in a different way. It is important to understand that polarization itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22612 2016-04-17T23:17:38Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia &amp; Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> <br /> Polarization is [http://www.britannica.com/science/polarization-physics defined] as the &quot;property of certain electromagnetic radiations in which the direction and magnitude of the vibrating electric field are related in a specified way.&quot;<br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At an atomic level, external charges cause subatomic particles to restructure in way that is can be described as polarization. For example, a positive charge will create an outward field which will move the average electron position closer to the positive charge and the nucleus further away. Through this process of polarization, charges or electric fields effectively make neutral object induced dipoles. Polarization explains the attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object creates an electric field that causes the opposite sign charge closer which in turn causes a net attraction. How readily a charged object can cause a material to polarize or the polarizability is different for different materials. The amount of polarization or the dipole moment is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the electric field applied. The two main type of material are insulators and conductors and each of these handles polarization in a different way. It is important to understand that polarization itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online)</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Polarization&diff=22602 2016-04-17T23:10:23Z

<p>Lwinalski3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written By: tkapadia3 - Tapas Kapadia <br /> Edited By: lwinalski3 - Laura Winalski <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> At an atomic level, external charges cause subatomic particles to restructure in way that is can be described as polarization. For example, a positive charge will create an outward field which will move the average electron position closer to the positive charge and the nucleus further away. Through this process of polarization, charges or electric fields effectively make neutral object induced dipoles. Polarization explains the attraction between charged objects and neutral object. A charged object creates an electric field that causes the opposite sign charge closer which in turn causes a net attraction. How readily a charged object can cause a material to polarize or the polarizability is different for different materials. The amount of polarization or the dipole moment is equal to the the polarizability multiplied by the electric field applied. The two main type of material are insulators and conductors and each of these handles polarization in a different way. It is important to understand that polarization itself does not induce charging. Polarization is the redistribution of charges throughout an object; a polarized neutral object is still a neutral object regardless of whether it is an insulator or conductor. <br /> <br /> [[File:1wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Insulator: One main property of insulators is that electrons are tightly bound to the molecules. Therefore, there is no &quot;sea of electrons&quot; and the polarization happens much like what is shown below in which the actual atoms do not move very much but rather just reorient themselves to point correspondingly to the charges on or in the insulator. The net electric field is not equal to zero in the an insulator if there is a net electric field acting upon it. <br /> <br /> [[File:2wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Polarization in Conductors: Polarization in conductors differs from polarization in insulators because conductors have charged particles that can move throughout the object. While insulators have atoms that simply reorient themselves, conductors have charged particles that can move distances due to external charges applied upon the material. The speed in which these mobile charges move due to an applied electric is known formally as drift speed. The drift speed is equal to the the net electric field at the location of the charge multiplied by a the mobility of the mobile charges. Another important property of conductors is that excess charges are always located out the outside on the surface of the conductor. Because the polarization causes the mobile charges to reorient on the surface, the net electric field always goes to zero. This state is known as equilibrium, and it features a electron drift speed equal to 0. The electric field of the polarization of the charges cancels out the electric field applied which which leaves no net electric field inside a conductor when it is at equilibrium. <br /> <br /> [[File:3wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model polarization? <br /> <br /> Electric Force: &lt;math&gt;\vec{F} = q\vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;F&quot; is the electric force, &quot;q&quot; is the charge, and &quot;E&quot; is the electric field. <br /> <br /> Dipole Moment: &lt;math&gt;\vec{P} = \alpha \vec{E}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;P&quot; is the dipole moment, alpha is the polarizability (different for every material), and &quot;E&quot; is the applied electric field. <br /> <br /> Drift Speed: &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt; Where &quot;v&quot; is the drift speed, mu is the mobility of the charge, and &quot;Enet&quot; is the magnitude of the net electric field. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> Determine if the statements below are True or False:<br /> <br /> 1. There are mobile charges conductors.<br /> <br /> 2. The net electric field is equal to 0 in both a conductor and insulator when at equilibrium.<br /> <br /> 3. Excess charge is located only the surface of insulators.<br /> <br /> 4. The average drift speed is of a mobile charge is proportional to the magnitude of the net electric field the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 is true. There are mobile charges in conductor. It is insulators that do not have mobile charges. <br /> 2. False. The net electric field is 0 at equilibrium only in conductors. It is not the case in insulators. <br /> 3. False. The excess charges of conductors are located on the surface. In insulators, the excess charges are anywhere on or inside the material. <br /> 4. True. This is the formula for drift speed. &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = \mu E_{net}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> Does a negatively charged rod cause the metal sphere to polarize? If so, show the polarization of the neutral metal sphere, describe the electric field, and electric force caused by the negatively charged rod displayed below. <br /> [[File:4wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The electric field is toward the negatively charged rod. The electric force is pointed toward the charged as well. Thus the negative mobile charges are pushed to the surface of the far side of the sphere. The polarization essentially makes one giant dipole which has a net electric field of zero inside the sphere. <br /> [[File:5wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Difficult===<br /> Find and show the polarization on Block B and Sphere C is Sphere A is plastic sphere with a positive charge. Block B is natural metal block while Sphere C is plastic sphere. <br /> [[File:6wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The positive charge of Sphere A creates a electric force which drives the positive mobile charges on away while attracting negative surface charges on the block. Due to this electric force the polarization on the block looks as it does below. The polarized block has positive surface charges near sphere C. Sphere C, however, is a conductor which means that there are no surface charges on Sphere C. In sphere C, a reorientation takes places. The negative ends orient close to the positive surface charges. <br /> [[File:7wikibookpic.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in? <br /> I have always been fascinated that something that is not charged could be attracted to something that is charged. Polarization explains this at a fundamental level which is something I find interesting. Learning how things at the the subatomic level is always fascinating for me. <br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> I am a computer engineering major. Honestly, I am not sure yet what Computer Engineering is all about. However, I am aware the polarization is an important concept in electrical engineering. Polarization of light waves seems to be more connected to my major. <br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> The concept of polarization itself has many industrial applications. It is seen in 3D Glasses, Infrared spectroscopy, polarized sunglasses, FM radios, and even laptop screens. There are many, many industrial applications. <br /> ==History==<br /> Polarization was discovered by Etienne Louis Malus. Etienne Louis Malus was a French physicist in the early 1800s who used concept that light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans cannot see to discover the concept we now know as polarization. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Electric Field. Electric Force. Charge Density. <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electric-charge-and-field-17/overview-133/polarization-477-6289/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> https://arago.elte.hu/sites/default/files/DSc-Thesis-2003-GaborHorvath-01.pdf<br /> <br /> http://www.britannica.com/science/electric-polarization<br /> <br /> http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-polarization<br /> <br /> Matter and Interactions Volume II. <br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKgOpmX-OFI<br /> <br /> http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Polarization<br /> <br /> (I made the figures; I did not steal them from online) <br /> <br /> [[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=22601 2016-04-17T23:09:06Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Tape experiments */</p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC__<br /> Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!<br /> <br /> Looking to make a contribution?<br /> #Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below<br /> #Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.<br /> #Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br /> <br /> Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br /> <br /> == Source Material ==<br /> All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br /> * A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br /> * A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]<br /> * A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br /> * The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br /> * An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br /> * Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br /> * OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br /> * The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br /> * A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br /> <br /> == Organizing Categories ==<br /> These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.<br /> <br /> == Resources ==<br /> * Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br /> * A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br /> * A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br /> * A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations<br /> * A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages <br /> <br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;&quot;&gt;<br /> ==Physics 1==<br /> ===Week 1===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Help with VPython=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[VPython]]<br /> *[[VPython basics]]<br /> *[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]<br /> *[[VPython Functions]]<br /> *[[VPython Lists]]<br /> *[[VPython Loops]]<br /> *[[VPython Multithreading]]<br /> *[[VPython Animation]]<br /> *[[VPython Objects]]<br /> *[[VPython 3D Objects]]<br /> *[[VPython Reference]]<br /> *[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]<br /> *[[VPython GUIs]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Vectors and Units=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Vectors]]<br /> *[[SI units]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Interactions=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> *[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Velocity and Momentum=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Velocity]]<br /> *[[Mass]]<br /> *[[Speed and Velocity]]<br /> *[[Relative Velocity]]<br /> *[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]<br /> *[[2-Dimensional Motion]]<br /> *[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 2===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Momentum Principle]]<br /> *[[Inertia]]<br /> *[[Net Force]]<br /> *[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]<br /> *[[Impulse Momentum]]<br /> *[[Acceleration]]<br /> *[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Iterative Prediction]]<br /> *[[Kinematics]]<br /> *[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]<br /> *[[Projectile Motion]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration &amp; The Change in Momentum]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque &amp; The Angular Momentum Principle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 3===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Analytical Prediction]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br /> *[[Spring Force]]<br /> *[[Hooke’s Law]]<br /> *[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]<br /> *[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]<br /> *[[Terminal Speed]]<br /> *[[Determinism]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs &amp; Spring-like Interactions]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force &amp; Friction]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 4===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Fundamental Interactions=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Gravitational Force]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Reciprocity]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 5===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Conservation of Momentum=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Conservation of Momentum]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Properties of Matter=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Kinds of Matter]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]<br /> *[[Density]]<br /> *[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br /> *[[Young’s Modulus]]<br /> *[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]<br /> *[[Malleability]]<br /> *[[Ductility]]<br /> *[[Weight]]<br /> *[[Hardness]]<br /> *[[Boiling Point]]<br /> *[[Melting Point]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 6===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Identifying Forces=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Free Body Diagram]]<br /> *[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br /> *[[Tension]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Curving Motion=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Curving Motion]]<br /> *[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br /> *[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 7===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Energy Principle=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[The Energy Principle]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Kinetic Energy]]<br /> *[[Work]]<br /> *[[Power (Mechanical)]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 8===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Potential Energy=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]<br /> *[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Energy Graphs]]<br /> *[[Escape Velocity]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 9===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Multiparticle Systems=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Center of Mass]]<br /> *[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]<br /> *[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]<br /> *[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]<br /> *[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]<br /> *[[Internal Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 10===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Choice of System=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[System &amp; Surroundings]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Thermal Energy]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat]]<br /> *[[Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]<br /> *[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]<br /> *[[Temperature]]<br /> *[[Predicting Change]]<br /> *[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br /> *[[Transformation of Energy]]<br /> *[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]<br /> *[[Air Resistance]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 11===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Different Models of a System=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Real Systems]]<br /> *[[Point Particle Systems]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Models of Friction=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Friction]]<br /> *[[Static Friction]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 12===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Collisions=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Collisions]]<br /> *[[Elastic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br /> *[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]<br /> *[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Coefficient of Restitution]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 13===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Rotations=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Rotation]]<br /> *[[Angular Velocity]]<br /> *[[Eulerian Angles]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Angular Momentum=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Total Angular Momentum]]<br /> *[[Translational Angular Momentum]]<br /> *[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br /> *[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]<br /> *[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]<br /> *[[Angular Impulse]]<br /> *[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]<br /> *[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]<br /> *[[The Moments of Inertia]]<br /> *[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]<br /> *[[Right Hand Rule]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque &amp; The Angular Momentum Principle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> ===Week 14===<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Torque]]<br /> *[[Torque 2]]<br /> *[[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br /> *[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br /> *[[Torque vs Work]]<br /> *[[Gyroscopes]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque &amp; The Angular Momentum Principle]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 15===<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====<br /> &lt;div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Bohr Model]]<br /> *[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]<br /> *[[Quantized energy levels]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Physics 2==<br /> ===Week 1===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====3D Vectors====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Vectors]]<br /> *[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br /> *[[Right Hand Rule]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric field]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> '''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Electric force====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> *[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====Electric field of a point particle====<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Point Charge]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Bold text'''====Superposition====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Superposition Principle]]<br /> *[[Superposition principle]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Dipoles====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Dipole]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Dipole]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 2===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Interactions of charged objects====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Field]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Tape experiments====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Polarization]]<br /> *[[Electric Polarization]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Polarization====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Polarization]]<br /> *[[Electric Polarization]]<br /> *[[Polarization of an Atom]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 3===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Insulators====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Insulators]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br /> *[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]<br /> *[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Conductors====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Charge Transfer]]<br /> *[[Resistivity]]<br /> *[[Polarization of a conductor]]<br /> *[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]<br /> *[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Charging and discharging====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charge Transfer]]<br /> *[[Electrostatic Discharge]]<br /> *[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]<br /> *[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 4===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Field of a charged rod====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charged Rod]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charged Ring]]<br /> *[[Charged Disk]]<br /> *[[Charged Capacitor]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Field of a charged sphere====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br /> *[[Field of a Charged Ball]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 5===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Potential energy====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Potential Energy]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric potential====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]] <br /> *[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Sign of Potential Difference====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Potential at a single location====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference at One Location]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Path independence and round trip potential====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 6===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric field and potential in an insulator====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br /> *[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Moving charges in a magnetic field====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Field]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Biot-Savart Law====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br /> *[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Moving Point Charge]]<br /> *[[Current]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Magnetic field of a wire====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Magnetic dipoles====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]<br /> *[[Bar Magnet]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Atomic structure of magnets====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 8===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Steady state current====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Steady State]]<br /> *[[Non Steady State]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Node rule====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric fields and energy in circuits====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Series circuit]] <br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> *[[Loop Rule]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential Difference]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Series Circuits]]<br /> *[[Parallel CIrcuits]]<br /> *[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]<br /> *[[Loop Rule]]<br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> *[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 9===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]<br /> *[[RC Circuit]] *CLAIMED BY MARK RUSSELL SPRING 2016<br /> *[[R Circuit]]<br /> *[[AC and DC]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> *[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]<br /> *[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br /> *[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric and magnetic forces====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> *[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Velocity selector====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> *[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 10===<br /> <br /> ====Student Content====<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> ==== Hall Effect ====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Hall Effect]]<br /> *[[Motional Emf]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Torque]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 13===<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> ==== Changing Field Patterns ====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Faraday's Law - claimed by duql1030]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Physics 3==<br /> <br /> ===Week 1===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Classical Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 2===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Special Relativity====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Frame of Reference]]<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br /> *[[Time Dilation]]<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]<br /> *[[Albert A. Micheleson &amp; Edward W. Morley]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 3===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Photons====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]<br /> *[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]<br /> *[[Lasers]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]<br /> *[[Quantum Properties of Light]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 4===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Matter Waves====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 5===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Wave Mechanics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Standing Waves]]<br /> *[[Wavelength]]<br /> *[[Wavelength and Frequency]]<br /> *[[Mechanical Waves]]<br /> *[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 6===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Rutherford-Bohr Model====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Bohr Model]]<br /> *[[Quantized energy levels]]<br /> *[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 7===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====The Hydrogen Atom====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Quantum Theory]]<br /> *[[Atomic Theory]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 8===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Many-Electron Atoms====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Quantum Theory]]<br /> *[[Atomic Theory]]<br /> *[[Pauli exclusion principle]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 9===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Molecules====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 10===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Statistical Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 11===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Condensed Matter Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 12===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====The Nucleus====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 13===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Nuclear Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Nuclear Fission]]<br /> *[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 14===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Particle Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]<br /> *[[String Theory]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Lwinalski3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=22598 2016-04-17T23:06:53Z

<p>Lwinalski3: /* Tape experiments */</p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC__<br /> Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!<br /> <br /> Looking to make a contribution?<br /> #Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below<br /> #Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.<br /> #Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br /> <br /> Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br /> <br /> == Source Material ==<br /> All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br /> * A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br /> * A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]<br /> * A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br /> * The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br /> * An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br /> * Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br /> * OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br /> * The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br /> * A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br /> <br /> == Organizing Categories ==<br /> These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.<br /> <br /> == Resources ==<br /> * Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br /> * A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br /> * A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br /> * A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations<br /> * A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages <br /> <br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;&quot;&gt;<br /> ==Physics 1==<br /> ===Week 1===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Help with VPython=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[VPython]]<br /> *[[VPython basics]]<br /> *[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]<br /> *[[VPython Functions]]<br /> *[[VPython Lists]]<br /> *[[VPython Loops]]<br /> *[[VPython Multithreading]]<br /> *[[VPython Animation]]<br /> *[[VPython Objects]]<br /> *[[VPython 3D Objects]]<br /> *[[VPython Reference]]<br /> *[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]<br /> *[[VPython GUIs]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Vectors and Units=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Vectors]]<br /> *[[SI units]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Interactions=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> *[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Velocity and Momentum=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Velocity]]<br /> *[[Mass]]<br /> *[[Speed and Velocity]]<br /> *[[Relative Velocity]]<br /> *[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]<br /> *[[2-Dimensional Motion]]<br /> *[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 2===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Momentum Principle]]<br /> *[[Inertia]]<br /> *[[Net Force]]<br /> *[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]<br /> *[[Impulse Momentum]]<br /> *[[Acceleration]]<br /> *[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Iterative Prediction]]<br /> *[[Kinematics]]<br /> *[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]<br /> *[[Projectile Motion]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration &amp; The Change in Momentum]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque &amp; The Angular Momentum Principle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 3===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Analytical Prediction]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br /> *[[Spring Force]]<br /> *[[Hooke’s Law]]<br /> *[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]<br /> *[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]<br /> *[[Terminal Speed]]<br /> *[[Determinism]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs &amp; Spring-like Interactions]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force &amp; Friction]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 4===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Fundamental Interactions=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Gravitational Force]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Reciprocity]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 5===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Conservation of Momentum=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Conservation of Momentum]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Properties of Matter=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Kinds of Matter]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]<br /> *[[Density]]<br /> *[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br /> *[[Young’s Modulus]]<br /> *[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]<br /> *[[Malleability]]<br /> *[[Ductility]]<br /> *[[Weight]]<br /> *[[Hardness]]<br /> *[[Boiling Point]]<br /> *[[Melting Point]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 6===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Identifying Forces=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Free Body Diagram]]<br /> *[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br /> *[[Tension]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Curving Motion=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Curving Motion]]<br /> *[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br /> *[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 7===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Energy Principle=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[The Energy Principle]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Kinetic Energy]]<br /> *[[Work]]<br /> *[[Power (Mechanical)]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 8===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Potential Energy=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]<br /> *[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Energy Graphs]]<br /> *[[Escape Velocity]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 9===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Multiparticle Systems=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Center of Mass]]<br /> *[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]<br /> *[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]<br /> *[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]<br /> *[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]<br /> *[[Internal Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 10===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Choice of System=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[System &amp; Surroundings]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Thermal Energy]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat]]<br /> *[[Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]<br /> *[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]<br /> *[[Temperature]]<br /> *[[Predicting Change]]<br /> *[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br /> *[[Transformation of Energy]]<br /> *[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]<br /> *[[Air Resistance]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 11===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Different Models of a System=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Real Systems]]<br /> *[[Point Particle Systems]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Models of Friction=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Friction]]<br /> *[[Static Friction]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 12===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Collisions=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Collisions]]<br /> *[[Elastic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br /> *[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]<br /> *[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Coefficient of Restitution]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Week 13===<br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours \<br /> mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Rotations=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Rotation]]<br /> *[[Angular Velocity]]<br /> *[[Eulerian Angles]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Angular Momentum=====<br /> &lt;div class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Total Angular Momentum]]<br /> *[[Translational Angular Momentum]]<br /> *[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br /> *[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]<br /> *[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]<br /> *[[Angular Impulse]]<br /> *[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]<br /> *[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]<br /> *[[The Moments of Inertia]]<br /> *[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]<br /> *[[Right Hand Rule]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque &amp; The Angular Momentum Principle]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> ===Week 14===<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====<br /> &lt;div \<br /> class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Torque]]<br /> *[[Torque 2]]<br /> *[[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br /> *[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br /> *[[Torque vs Work]]<br /> *[[Gyroscopes]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]<br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque &amp; The Angular Momentum Principle]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 15===<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Student Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> =====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====<br /> &lt;div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”&gt;<br /> *[[Bohr Model]]<br /> *[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]<br /> *[[Quantized energy levels]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Expert Content====<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \<br /> mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> <br /> * [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Physics 2==<br /> ===Week 1===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====3D Vectors====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Vectors]]<br /> *[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br /> *[[Right Hand Rule]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric field]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> '''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Electric force====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> *[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====Electric field of a point particle====<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Point Charge]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Bold text'''====Superposition====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Superposition Principle]]<br /> *[[Superposition principle]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Dipoles====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Dipole]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Dipole]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 2===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Interactions of charged objects====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Field]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Tape experiments====<br /> *[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Polarization]]<br /> *[[Electric Polarization]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Polarization====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Polarization]]<br /> *[[Electric Polarization]]<br /> *[[Polarization of an Atom]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 3===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Insulators====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Insulators]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br /> *[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]<br /> *[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Conductors====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Charge Transfer]]<br /> *[[Resistivity]]<br /> *[[Polarization of a conductor]]<br /> *[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]<br /> *[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Charging and discharging====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charge Transfer]]<br /> *[[Electrostatic Discharge]]<br /> *[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]<br /> *[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 4===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Field of a charged rod====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charged Rod]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charged Ring]]<br /> *[[Charged Disk]]<br /> *[[Charged Capacitor]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Field of a charged sphere====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br /> *[[Field of a Charged Ball]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 5===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Potential energy====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Potential Energy]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric potential====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]] <br /> *[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Sign of Potential Difference====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Potential at a single location====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference at One Location]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Path independence and round trip potential====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 6===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric field and potential in an insulator====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br /> *[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Moving charges in a magnetic field====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Field]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Biot-Savart Law====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br /> *[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Moving Point Charge]]<br /> *[[Current]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Magnetic field of a wire====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Magnetic dipoles====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]<br /> *[[Bar Magnet]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Atomic structure of magnets====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 8===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Steady state current====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Steady State]]<br /> *[[Non Steady State]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Node rule====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric fields and energy in circuits====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Series circuit]] <br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> *[[Loop Rule]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential Difference]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Series Circuits]]<br /> *[[Parallel CIrcuits]]<br /> *[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]<br /> *[[Loop Rule]]<br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> *[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 9===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]<br /> *[[RC Circuit]] *CLAIMED BY MARK RUSSELL SPRING 2016<br /> *[[R Circuit]]<br /> *[[AC and DC]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> *[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]<br /> *[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br /> *[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Electric and magnetic forces====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> *[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Velocity selector====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> *[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 10===<br /> <br /> ====Student Content====<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> ==== Hall Effect ====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Hall Effect]]<br /> *[[Motional Emf]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Torque]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 13===<br /> &lt;div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”&gt;<br /> ==== Changing Field Patterns ====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Faraday's Law - claimed by duql1030]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Physics 3==<br /> <br /> ===Week 1===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Classical Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 2===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Special Relativity====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Frame of Reference]]<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br /> *[[Time Dilation]]<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]<br /> *[[Albert A. Micheleson &amp; Edward W. Morley]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 3===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Photons====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]<br /> *[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]<br /> *[[Lasers]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]<br /> *[[Quantum Properties of Light]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 4===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Matter Waves====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 5===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Wave Mechanics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Standing Waves]]<br /> *[[Wavelength]]<br /> *[[Wavelength and Frequency]]<br /> *[[Mechanical Waves]]<br /> *[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 6===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Rutherford-Bohr Model====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Bohr Model]]<br /> *[[Quantized energy levels]]<br /> *[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 7===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====The Hydrogen Atom====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Quantum Theory]]<br /> *[[Atomic Theory]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 8===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Many-Electron Atoms====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Quantum Theory]]<br /> *[[Atomic Theory]]<br /> *[[Pauli exclusion principle]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 9===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Molecules====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 10===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Statistical Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 11===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Condensed Matter Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 12===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====The Nucleus====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 13===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Nuclear Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Nuclear Fission]]<br /> *[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Week 14===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ====Particle Physics====<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]<br /> *[[String Theory]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

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