Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

2015-11-29T01:17:52Z

Nzafar7:

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a Wave==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/mechanical-waves/v/introduction-to-waves

===Mechanical===

A sound wave is a mechanical wave or medium (a series of interconnected or interacting particles) that carries a disturbance from one location to another, like air, water, or even metal. There is an original source of the wave, and then, the sound wave is moved to a new place by particle-to-particle interaction. "If the sound wave is moving through air, then as one air particle is displaced from its equilibrium position, it exerts a push or pull on its nearest neighbors, causing them to be displaced from their equilibrium position. This particle interaction continues throughout the entire medium, with each particle interacting and causing a disturbance of its nearest neighbors. Since a sound wave is a disturbance that is transported through a medium via the mechanism of particle-to-particle interaction, a sound wave is characterized as a mechanical wave." (Physics Classroom)

====Longitudinal====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

"Sound waves are longitudinal waves because particles of the medium through which the sound is transported vibrate parallel to the direction that the sound wave moves. A vibrating string can create longitudinal waves. As it moves in the forward direction, it begins to push upon surrounding air molecules, moving them to the right towards their nearest neighbor. This causes the air molecules to the right of the string to be compressed into a small region of space. As the vibrating string moves in the reverse direction, it lowers the pressure of the air immediately to its right, thus causing air molecules to move back leftward. The lower pressure to the right of the string causes air molecules in that region immediately to the right of the string to expand into a large region of space. The back and forth vibration of the string causes individual air molecules (or a layer of air molecules) in the region immediately to the right of the string to continually vibrate back and forth horizontally. The molecules move rightward as the string moves rightward and then leftward as the string moves leftward. These back and forth vibrations are imparted to adjacent neighbors by particle-to-particle interaction. Other surrounding particles begin to move rightward and leftward, thus sending a wave to the right. Since air molecules (the particles of the medium) are moving in a direction that is parallel to the direction that the wave moves, the sound wave is referred to as a longitudinal wave. The result of such longitudinal vibrations is the creation of compressions and rarefactions within the air." (Physics Classroom)

====Pressure====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8adOVT8UcTw

Sound waves are pressure waves because it consists of a repeating pattern of high-pressure and low-pressure regions moving through a medium. "If a detector, whether it is the human ear or a man-made instrument, were used to detect a sound wave, it would detect fluctuations in pressure as the sound wave impinges upon the detecting device. At one instant in time, the detector would detect a high pressure; this would correspond to the arrival of a compression at the detector site. At the next instant in time, the detector might detect normal pressure. And then finally a low pressure would be detected, corresponding to the arrival of a rarefaction at the detector site. The fluctuations in pressure as detected by the detector occur at periodic and regular time intervals. In fact, a plot of pressure versus time would appear as a sine curve. The peak points of the sine curve correspond to compressions; the low points correspond to rarefactions; and the "zero points" correspond to the pressure that the air would have if there were no disturbance moving through it." (Physics Classroom)

==Behavior==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDj_HRaGqp4

===Reflection===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

"Reflection of sound waves off of surfaces can lead to one of two phenomena - an echo or a reverberation. A reverberation often occurs in a small room with height, width, and length dimensions of approximately 17 meters or less. Why the magical 17 meters? The effect of a particular sound wave upon the brain endures for more than a tiny fraction of a second; the human brain keeps a sound in memory for up to 0.1 seconds. If a reflected sound wave reaches the ear within 0.1 seconds of the initial sound, then it seems to the person that the sound is prolonged. The reception of multiple reflections off of walls and ceilings within 0.1 seconds of each other causes reverberations - the prolonging of a sound. Since sound waves travel at about 340 m/s at room temperature, it will take approximately 0.1 s for a sound to travel the length of a 17 meter room and back, thus causing a reverberation (recall from Lesson 2, t = d/v = (34 m)/(340 m/s) = 0.1 s). This is why reverberations are common in rooms with dimensions of approximately 17 meters or less. Perhaps you have observed reverberations when talking in an empty room, when honking the horn while driving through a highway tunnel or underpass, or when singing in the shower. In auditoriums and concert halls, reverberations occasionally occur and lead to the displeasing garbling of a sound." (Physics Classroom)

===Refraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

"Refraction of waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another. Refraction, or bending of the path of the waves, is accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength of the waves. So if the media (or its properties) are changed, the speed of the wave is changed. Thus, waves passing from one medium to another will undergo refraction. Refraction of sound waves is most evident in situations in which the sound wave passes through a medium with gradually varying properties. For example, sound waves are known to refract when traveling over water. Even though the sound wave is not exactly changing media, it is traveling through a medium with varying properties; thus, the wave will encounter refraction and change its direction. Since water has a moderating effect upon the temperature of air, the air directly above the water tends to be cooler than the air far above the water. Sound waves travel slower in cooler air than they do in warmer air. For this reason, the portion of the wavefront directly above the water is slowed down, while the portion of the wavefronts far above the water speeds ahead. Subsequently, the direction of the wave changes, refracting downwards towards the water." (Physics Classroom)

===Diffraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

"Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path. The amount of diffraction (the sharpness of the bending) increases with increasing wavelength and decreases with decreasing wavelength. In fact, when the wavelength of the wave is smaller than the obstacle or opening, no noticeable diffraction occurs. Diffraction of sound waves is commonly observed; we notice sound diffracting around corners or through door openings, allowing us to hear others who are speaking to us from adjacent rooms. Many forest-dwelling birds take advantage of the diffractive ability of long-wavelength sound waves. Owls for instance are able to communicate across long distances due to the fact that their long-wavelength hoots are able to diffract around forest trees and carry farther than the short-wavelength tweets of songbirds. Low-pitched (long wavelength) sounds always carry further than high-pitched (short wavelength) sounds."
(Physics Classroom)

==Connectedness==
I am majoring in biochemistry with a minor in Health, Medicine, and Society, and I wish to enter the medicinal field. Sound and vibrations are not only used as a diagnostic tool in primary care physicians offices for lung and bone cavity analysis, but the fundamental concepts of them are also used in creating medical devices such as ultrasound technology for imaging of early fetus development.

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

http://physics.info/sound/

http://method-behind-the-music.com/mechanics/physics/

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound

===External Links===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/mechanical-waves/v/introduction-to-waves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8adOVT8UcTw

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

2015-11-29T01:10:34Z

Nzafar7:

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a Wave==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/mechanical-waves/v/introduction-to-waves

===Mechanical===

A sound wave is a mechanical wave or medium (a series of interconnected or interacting particles) that carries a disturbance from one location to another, like air, water, or even metal. There is an original source of the wave, and then, the sound wave is moved to a new place by particle-to-particle interaction. "If the sound wave is moving through air, then as one air particle is displaced from its equilibrium position, it exerts a push or pull on its nearest neighbors, causing them to be displaced from their equilibrium position. This particle interaction continues throughout the entire medium, with each particle interacting and causing a disturbance of its nearest neighbors. Since a sound wave is a disturbance that is transported through a medium via the mechanism of particle-to-particle interaction, a sound wave is characterized as a mechanical wave." (Physics Classroom)

====Longitudinal====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

"Sound waves are longitudinal waves because particles of the medium through which the sound is transported vibrate parallel to the direction that the sound wave moves. A vibrating string can create longitudinal waves. As it moves in the forward direction, it begins to push upon surrounding air molecules, moving them to the right towards their nearest neighbor. This causes the air molecules to the right of the string to be compressed into a small region of space. As the vibrating string moves in the reverse direction, it lowers the pressure of the air immediately to its right, thus causing air molecules to move back leftward. The lower pressure to the right of the string causes air molecules in that region immediately to the right of the string to expand into a large region of space. The back and forth vibration of the string causes individual air molecules (or a layer of air molecules) in the region immediately to the right of the string to continually vibrate back and forth horizontally. The molecules move rightward as the string moves rightward and then leftward as the string moves leftward. These back and forth vibrations are imparted to adjacent neighbors by particle-to-particle interaction. Other surrounding particles begin to move rightward and leftward, thus sending a wave to the right. Since air molecules (the particles of the medium) are moving in a direction that is parallel to the direction that the wave moves, the sound wave is referred to as a longitudinal wave. The result of such longitudinal vibrations is the creation of compressions and rarefactions within the air." (Physics Classroom)

====Pressure====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8adOVT8UcTw

Sound waves are pressure waves because it consists of a repeating pattern of high-pressure and low-pressure regions moving through a medium. "If a detector, whether it is the human ear or a man-made instrument, were used to detect a sound wave, it would detect fluctuations in pressure as the sound wave impinges upon the detecting device. At one instant in time, the detector would detect a high pressure; this would correspond to the arrival of a compression at the detector site. At the next instant in time, the detector might detect normal pressure. And then finally a low pressure would be detected, corresponding to the arrival of a rarefaction at the detector site. The fluctuations in pressure as detected by the detector occur at periodic and regular time intervals. In fact, a plot of pressure versus time would appear as a sine curve. The peak points of the sine curve correspond to compressions; the low points correspond to rarefactions; and the "zero points" correspond to the pressure that the air would have if there were no disturbance moving through it." (Physics Classroom)

==Behavior==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDj_HRaGqp4

===Reflection===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

"Reflection of sound waves off of surfaces can lead to one of two phenomena - an echo or a reverberation. A reverberation often occurs in a small room with height, width, and length dimensions of approximately 17 meters or less. Why the magical 17 meters? The effect of a particular sound wave upon the brain endures for more than a tiny fraction of a second; the human brain keeps a sound in memory for up to 0.1 seconds. If a reflected sound wave reaches the ear within 0.1 seconds of the initial sound, then it seems to the person that the sound is prolonged. The reception of multiple reflections off of walls and ceilings within 0.1 seconds of each other causes reverberations - the prolonging of a sound. Since sound waves travel at about 340 m/s at room temperature, it will take approximately 0.1 s for a sound to travel the length of a 17 meter room and back, thus causing a reverberation (recall from Lesson 2, t = d/v = (34 m)/(340 m/s) = 0.1 s). This is why reverberations are common in rooms with dimensions of approximately 17 meters or less. Perhaps you have observed reverberations when talking in an empty room, when honking the horn while driving through a highway tunnel or underpass, or when singing in the shower. In auditoriums and concert halls, reverberations occasionally occur and lead to the displeasing garbling of a sound." (Physics Classroom)

===Refraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

"Refraction of waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another. Refraction, or bending of the path of the waves, is accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength of the waves. So if the media (or its properties) are changed, the speed of the wave is changed. Thus, waves passing from one medium to another will undergo refraction. Refraction of sound waves is most evident in situations in which the sound wave passes through a medium with gradually varying properties. For example, sound waves are known to refract when traveling over water. Even though the sound wave is not exactly changing media, it is traveling through a medium with varying properties; thus, the wave will encounter refraction and change its direction. Since water has a moderating effect upon the temperature of air, the air directly above the water tends to be cooler than the air far above the water. Sound waves travel slower in cooler air than they do in warmer air. For this reason, the portion of the wavefront directly above the water is slowed down, while the portion of the wavefronts far above the water speeds ahead. Subsequently, the direction of the wave changes, refracting downwards towards the water." (Physics Classroom)

===Diffraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

"Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path. The amount of diffraction (the sharpness of the bending) increases with increasing wavelength and decreases with decreasing wavelength. In fact, when the wavelength of the wave is smaller than the obstacle or opening, no noticeable diffraction occurs. Diffraction of sound waves is commonly observed; we notice sound diffracting around corners or through door openings, allowing us to hear others who are speaking to us from adjacent rooms. Many forest-dwelling birds take advantage of the diffractive ability of long-wavelength sound waves. Owls for instance are able to communicate across long distances due to the fact that their long-wavelength hoots are able to diffract around forest trees and carry farther than the short-wavelength tweets of songbirds. Low-pitched (long wavelength) sounds always carry further than high-pitched (short wavelength) sounds."
(Physics Classroom)

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

http://physics.info/sound/

http://method-behind-the-music.com/mechanics/physics/

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound

===External Links===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/mechanical-waves/v/introduction-to-waves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8adOVT8UcTw

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

2015-11-29T01:02:10Z

Nzafar7:

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a Wave==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/mechanical-waves/v/introduction-to-waves

===Mechanical===

A sound wave is a mechanical wave or medium (a series of interconnected or interacting particles) that carries a disturbance from one location to another, like air, water, or even metal. There is an original source of the wave, and then, the sound wave is moved to a new place by particle-to-particle interaction. "If the sound wave is moving through air, then as one air particle is displaced from its equilibrium position, it exerts a push or pull on its nearest neighbors, causing them to be displaced from their equilibrium position. This particle interaction continues throughout the entire medium, with each particle interacting and causing a disturbance of its nearest neighbors. Since a sound wave is a disturbance that is transported through a medium via the mechanism of particle-to-particle interaction, a sound wave is characterized as a mechanical wave." (Physics Classroom)

====Longitudinal====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

Sound waves are longitudinal waves because particles of the medium through which the sound is transported vibrate parallel to the direction that the sound wave moves. A vibrating string can create longitudinal waves as depicted in the animation below. As the vibrating string moves in the forward direction, it begins to push upon surrounding air molecules, moving them to the right towards their nearest neighbor. This causes the air molecules to the right of the string to be compressed into a small region of space. As the vibrating string moves in the reverse direction (leftward), it lowers the pressure of the air immediately to its right, thus causing air molecules to move back leftward. The lower pressure to the right of the string causes air molecules in that region immediately to the right of the string to expand into a large region of space. The back and forth vibration of the string causes individual air molecules (or a layer of air molecules) in the region immediately to the right of the string to continually vibrate back and forth horizontally. The molecules move rightward as the string moves rightward and then leftward as the string moves leftward. These back and forth vibrations are imparted to adjacent neighbors by particle-to-particle interaction. Other surrounding particles begin to move rightward and leftward, thus sending a wave to the right. Since air molecules (the particles of the medium) are moving in a direction that is parallel to the direction that the wave moves, the sound wave is referred to as a longitudinal wave. The result of such longitudinal vibrations is the creation of compressions and rarefactions within the air.

====Pressure====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8adOVT8UcTw

Since a sound wave consists of a repeating pattern of high-pressure and low-pressure regions moving through a medium, it is sometimes referred to as a pressure wave. If a detector, whether it is the human ear or a man-made instrument, were used to detect a sound wave, it would detect fluctuations in pressure as the sound wave impinges upon the detecting device. At one instant in time, the detector would detect a high pressure; this would correspond to the arrival of a compression at the detector site. At the next instant in time, the detector might detect normal pressure. And then finally a low pressure would be detected, corresponding to the arrival of a rarefaction at the detector site. The fluctuations in pressure as detected by the detector occur at periodic and regular time intervals. In fact, a plot of pressure versus time would appear as a sine curve. The peak points of the sine curve correspond to compressions; the low points correspond to rarefactions; and the "zero points" correspond to the pressure that the air would have if there were no disturbance moving through it. The diagram below depicts the correspondence between the longitudinal nature of a sound wave in air and the pressure-time fluctuations that it creates at a fixed detector location.

==Behavior==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDj_HRaGqp4

===Reflection===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

Reflection of sound waves off of surfaces can lead to one of two phenomena - an echo or a reverberation. A reverberation often occurs in a small room with height, width, and length dimensions of approximately 17 meters or less. Why the magical 17 meters? The effect of a particular sound wave upon the brain endures for more than a tiny fraction of a second; the human brain keeps a sound in memory for up to 0.1 seconds. If a reflected sound wave reaches the ear within 0.1 seconds of the initial sound, then it seems to the person that the sound is prolonged. The reception of multiple reflections off of walls and ceilings within 0.1 seconds of each other causes reverberations - the prolonging of a sound. Since sound waves travel at about 340 m/s at room temperature, it will take approximately 0.1 s for a sound to travel the length of a 17 meter room and back, thus causing a reverberation (recall from Lesson 2, t = d/v = (34 m)/(340 m/s) = 0.1 s). This is why reverberations are common in rooms with dimensions of approximately 17 meters or less. Perhaps you have observed reverberations when talking in an empty room, when honking the horn while driving through a highway tunnel or underpass, or when singing in the shower. In auditoriums and concert halls, reverberations occasionally occur and lead to the displeasing garbling of a sound.

===Refraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

Refraction of waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another. Refraction, or bending of the path of the waves, is accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength of the waves. So if the media (or its properties) are changed, the speed of the wave is changed. Thus, waves passing from one medium to another will undergo refraction. Refraction of sound waves is most evident in situations in which the sound wave passes through a medium with gradually varying properties. For example, sound waves are known to refract when traveling over water. Even though the sound wave is not exactly changing media, it is traveling through a medium with varying properties; thus, the wave will encounter refraction and change its direction. Since water has a moderating effect upon the temperature of air, the air directly above the water tends to be cooler than the air far above the water. Sound waves travel slower in cooler air than they do in warmer air. For this reason, the portion of the wavefront directly above the water is slowed down, while the portion of the wavefronts far above the water speeds ahead. Subsequently, the direction of the wave changes, refracting downwards towards the water. This is depicted in the diagram at the right.

===Diffraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path. The diffraction of water waves was discussed in Unit 10 of The Physics Classroom Tutorial. In that unit, we saw that water waves have the ability to travel around corners, around obstacles and through openings. The amount of diffraction (the sharpness of the bending) increases with increasing wavelength and decreases with decreasing wavelength. In fact, when the wavelength of the wave is smaller than the obstacle or opening, no noticeable diffraction occurs.

Diffraction of sound waves is commonly observed; we notice sound diffracting around corners or through door openings, allowing us to hear others who are speaking to us from adjacent rooms. Many forest-dwelling birds take advantage of the diffractive ability of long-wavelength sound waves. Owls for instance are able to communicate across long distances due to the fact that their long-wavelength hoots are able to diffract around forest trees and carry farther than the short-wavelength tweets of songbirds. Low-pitched (long wavelength) sounds always carry further than high-pitched (short wavelength) sounds.

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

http://physics.info/sound/

http://method-behind-the-music.com/mechanics/physics/

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound

===External Links===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/mechanical-waves/v/introduction-to-waves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8adOVT8UcTw

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

2015-11-29T00:57:37Z

Nzafar7: /* Behavior */

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a Wave==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/mechanical-waves/v/introduction-to-waves

===Mechanical===

A sound wave is a medium (a series of interconnected or interacting particles) that carries the disturbance from one location to another, like air, water, or even metal. There is an original source of the wave, some vibrating object capable of disturbing the first particle of the medium. The sound wave is transported from one location to another by means of particle-to-particle interaction. If the sound wave is moving through air, then as one air particle is displaced from its equilibrium position, it exerts a push or pull on its nearest neighbors, causing them to be displaced from their equilibrium position. This particle interaction continues throughout the entire medium, with each particle interacting and causing a disturbance of its nearest neighbors. Since a sound wave is a disturbance that is transported through a medium via the mechanism of particle-to-particle interaction, a sound wave is characterized as a mechanical wave.

====Longitudinal====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

Sound waves in air (and any fluid medium) are longitudinal waves because particles of the medium through which the sound is transported vibrate parallel to the direction that the sound wave moves. A vibrating string can create longitudinal waves as depicted in the animation below. As the vibrating string moves in the forward direction, it begins to push upon surrounding air molecules, moving them to the right towards their nearest neighbor. This causes the air molecules to the right of the string to be compressed into a small region of space. As the vibrating string moves in the reverse direction (leftward), it lowers the pressure of the air immediately to its right, thus causing air molecules to move back leftward. The lower pressure to the right of the string causes air molecules in that region immediately to the right of the string to expand into a large region of space. The back and forth vibration of the string causes individual air molecules (or a layer of air molecules) in the region immediately to the right of the string to continually vibrate back and forth horizontally. The molecules move rightward as the string moves rightward and then leftward as the string moves leftward. These back and forth vibrations are imparted to adjacent neighbors by particle-to-particle interaction. Other surrounding particles begin to move rightward and leftward, thus sending a wave to the right. Since air molecules (the particles of the medium) are moving in a direction that is parallel to the direction that the wave moves, the sound wave is referred to as a longitudinal wave. The result of such longitudinal vibrations is the creation of compressions and rarefactions within the air.

====Pressure====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8adOVT8UcTw

Since a sound wave consists of a repeating pattern of high-pressure and low-pressure regions moving through a medium, it is sometimes referred to as a pressure wave. If a detector, whether it is the human ear or a man-made instrument, were used to detect a sound wave, it would detect fluctuations in pressure as the sound wave impinges upon the detecting device. At one instant in time, the detector would detect a high pressure; this would correspond to the arrival of a compression at the detector site. At the next instant in time, the detector might detect normal pressure. And then finally a low pressure would be detected, corresponding to the arrival of a rarefaction at the detector site. The fluctuations in pressure as detected by the detector occur at periodic and regular time intervals. In fact, a plot of pressure versus time would appear as a sine curve. The peak points of the sine curve correspond to compressions; the low points correspond to rarefactions; and the "zero points" correspond to the pressure that the air would have if there were no disturbance moving through it. The diagram below depicts the correspondence between the longitudinal nature of a sound wave in air and the pressure-time fluctuations that it creates at a fixed detector location.

==Behavior==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDj_HRaGqp4

===Reflection===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

Reflection of sound waves off of surfaces can lead to one of two phenomena - an echo or a reverberation. A reverberation often occurs in a small room with height, width, and length dimensions of approximately 17 meters or less. Why the magical 17 meters? The effect of a particular sound wave upon the brain endures for more than a tiny fraction of a second; the human brain keeps a sound in memory for up to 0.1 seconds. If a reflected sound wave reaches the ear within 0.1 seconds of the initial sound, then it seems to the person that the sound is prolonged. The reception of multiple reflections off of walls and ceilings within 0.1 seconds of each other causes reverberations - the prolonging of a sound. Since sound waves travel at about 340 m/s at room temperature, it will take approximately 0.1 s for a sound to travel the length of a 17 meter room and back, thus causing a reverberation (recall from Lesson 2, t = d/v = (34 m)/(340 m/s) = 0.1 s). This is why reverberations are common in rooms with dimensions of approximately 17 meters or less. Perhaps you have observed reverberations when talking in an empty room, when honking the horn while driving through a highway tunnel or underpass, or when singing in the shower. In auditoriums and concert halls, reverberations occasionally occur and lead to the displeasing garbling of a sound.

===Refraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

Refraction of waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another. Refraction, or bending of the path of the waves, is accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength of the waves. So if the media (or its properties) are changed, the speed of the wave is changed. Thus, waves passing from one medium to another will undergo refraction. Refraction of sound waves is most evident in situations in which the sound wave passes through a medium with gradually varying properties. For example, sound waves are known to refract when traveling over water. Even though the sound wave is not exactly changing media, it is traveling through a medium with varying properties; thus, the wave will encounter refraction and change its direction. Since water has a moderating effect upon the temperature of air, the air directly above the water tends to be cooler than the air far above the water. Sound waves travel slower in cooler air than they do in warmer air. For this reason, the portion of the wavefront directly above the water is slowed down, while the portion of the wavefronts far above the water speeds ahead. Subsequently, the direction of the wave changes, refracting downwards towards the water. This is depicted in the diagram at the right.

===Diffraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path. The diffraction of water waves was discussed in Unit 10 of The Physics Classroom Tutorial. In that unit, we saw that water waves have the ability to travel around corners, around obstacles and through openings. The amount of diffraction (the sharpness of the bending) increases with increasing wavelength and decreases with decreasing wavelength. In fact, when the wavelength of the wave is smaller than the obstacle or opening, no noticeable diffraction occurs.

Diffraction of sound waves is commonly observed; we notice sound diffracting around corners or through door openings, allowing us to hear others who are speaking to us from adjacent rooms. Many forest-dwelling birds take advantage of the diffractive ability of long-wavelength sound waves. Owls for instance are able to communicate across long distances due to the fact that their long-wavelength hoots are able to diffract around forest trees and carry farther than the short-wavelength tweets of songbirds. Low-pitched (long wavelength) sounds always carry further than high-pitched (short wavelength) sounds.

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

http://physics.info/sound/

http://method-behind-the-music.com/mechanics/physics/

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound

===External Links===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/mechanical-waves/v/introduction-to-waves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8adOVT8UcTw

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a Wave==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

===Mechanical===

====Longitudinal====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

====Pressure====

==Properties and Perception==

==Behavior==

===Reflection===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

===Refraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

===Diffraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

===External Links===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a Wave==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

===Mechanical===

====Longitudinal====

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI

====Pressure====

==Properties and Perception==

==Behavior==

===Reflection===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI

===Refraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0

===Diffraction===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

===External Links===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LkLj8TS9VI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnTAfCqzYZI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2rjO0TkU0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgxcvflVxDM

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nzafar7: /* Sound is a Wave */

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a Wave==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

===Mechanical===

====Longitudinal====

====Pressure====

==Properties and Perception==

==Behavior==

===Reflection===

===Refraction===

===Diffraction===

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

===External Links===

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nzafar7: /* Sound is a Wave */

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a Wave==

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q]

===Mechanical===

====Longitudinal====

====Pressure====

==Properties and Perception==

==Behavior==

===Reflection===

===Refraction===

===Diffraction===

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

===External Links===

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nzafar7:

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a Wave==

[[File:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q]]

===Mechanical===

====Longitudinal====

====Pressure====

==Properties and Perception==

==Behavior==

===Reflection===

===Refraction===

===Diffraction===

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

===External Links===

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nzafar7: /* Sound is a WAVE */

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a wave==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6sSnMbPl5Q

===Mechanical===

====Longitudinal====

====Pressure====

==Properties and Perception==

==Behavior==

===Reflection===

===Refraction===

===Diffraction===

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

===External Links===

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

2015-11-29T00:03:44Z

Nzafar7: /* See also */

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a WAVE==

===Mechanical===

====Longitudinal====

====Pressure====

==Properties and Perception==

==Behavior==

===Reflection===

===Refraction===

===Diffraction===

== See Also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

===External Links===

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a WAVE==

===Mechanical===

====Longitudinal====

====Pressure====

==Properties and Perception==

==Behavior==

===Reflection===

===Refraction===

===Diffraction===

== See also ==

Doppler Effect

Frequency

Harmonics

Vibration

Resonance

Intensity

Standing Wave Patterns

Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further Reading===

===External links===

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

2015-11-29T00:02:35Z

Nzafar7:

Claimed and Created by Nadiya Zafar (nzafar7)

==Sound is a WAVE==

===Mechanical===

====Longitudinal====

====Pressure====

==Properties and Perception==

==Behavior==

===Reflection===

===Refraction===

===Diffraction===

== See also ==

Doppler Effect
Frequency
Harmonics
Vibration
Resonance
Intensity
Standing Wave Patterns
Open and Closed Air Columns

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category: Sound]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nzafar7:

Claimed by Nadiya Zafar

==Sound is a WAVE==

This topics focuses on energy work of a system but it can only deal with a large scale response to heat in a system. '''Thermodynamics''' is the study of the work, heat and energy of a system. The smaller scale gas interactions can explained using the kinetic theory of gases. There are three fundamental laws that go along with the topic of thermodynamics. They are the zeroth law, the first law, and the second law. These laws help us understand predict the the operation of the physical system. In order to understand the laws, you must first understand thermal equilibrium. [[Thermal equilibrium]] is reached when a object that is at a higher temperature is in contact with an object that is at a lower temperature and the first object transfers heat to the latter object until they approach the same temperature and maintain that temperature constantly. It is also important to note that any thermodynamic system in thermal equilibrium possesses internal energy.

===Mechanical===

The zeroth law states that if two systems are at thermal equilibrium at the same time as a third system, then all of the systems are at equilibrium with each other. If systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with B, then system A and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. There are underlying ideas of heat that are also important. The most prominent one is that all heat is of the same kind. As long as the systems are at thermal equilibrium, every unit of internal energy that passes from one system to the other is balanced by the same amount of energy passing back. This also applies when the two systems or objects have different atomic masses or material.

====Longitudinal====

If A = B and A = C, then B = C
A = B = C

====Pressure====

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Properties and Perception==

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) ''into'' a system and work (W) ''done by'' the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, '''enthalpy'''.

==Behavior==

E2 - E1 = Q - W

===Reflection===

===Refraction===
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

===Diffraction===

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Nzafar7:

Claimed by Nadiya Zafar

==Thermodynamics==

This topics focuses on energy work of a system but it can only deal with a large scale response to heat in a system. '''Thermodynamics''' is the study of the work, heat and energy of a system. The smaller scale gas interactions can explained using the kinetic theory of gases. There are three fundamental laws that go along with the topic of thermodynamics. They are the zeroth law, the first law, and the second law. These laws help us understand predict the the operation of the physical system. In order to understand the laws, you must first understand thermal equilibrium. [[Thermal equilibrium]] is reached when a object that is at a higher temperature is in contact with an object that is at a lower temperature and the first object transfers heat to the latter object until they approach the same temperature and maintain that temperature constantly. It is also important to note that any thermodynamic system in thermal equilibrium possesses internal energy.

===Zeroth Law===

The zeroth law states that if two systems are at thermal equilibrium at the same time as a third system, then all of the systems are at equilibrium with each other. If systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with B, then system A and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. There are underlying ideas of heat that are also important. The most prominent one is that all heat is of the same kind. As long as the systems are at thermal equilibrium, every unit of internal energy that passes from one system to the other is balanced by the same amount of energy passing back. This also applies when the two systems or objects have different atomic masses or material.

====A Mathematical Model====

If A = B and A = C, then B = C
A = B = C

====A Computational Model====

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

===First Law===

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) ''into'' a system and work (W) ''done by'' the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, '''enthalpy'''.

====A Mathematical Model====

E2 - E1 = Q - W

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thereq.html

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

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Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound

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Main Page

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__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[General Relativity]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]
* [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
*[[Energy Diagrams]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Inductance]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
**[[Superconducters]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
</div>
</div>
*[[blahb]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]]

User:Nzafar7

2015-11-28T23:35:26Z

Nzafar7: Created page with "==Thermodynamics== This topics focuses on energy work of a system but it can only deal with a large scale response to heat in a system. '''Thermodynamics''' is the study of..."

==Thermodynamics==

This topics focuses on energy work of a system but it can only deal with a large scale response to heat in a system. '''Thermodynamics''' is the study of the work, heat and energy of a system. The smaller scale gas interactions can explained using the kinetic theory of gases. There are three fundamental laws that go along with the topic of thermodynamics. They are the zeroth law, the first law, and the second law. These laws help us understand predict the the operation of the physical system. In order to understand the laws, you must first understand thermal equilibrium. [[Thermal equilibrium]] is reached when a object that is at a higher temperature is in contact with an object that is at a lower temperature and the first object transfers heat to the latter object until they approach the same temperature and maintain that temperature constantly. It is also important to note that any thermodynamic system in thermal equilibrium possesses internal energy.

===Zeroth Law===

The zeroth law states that if two systems are at thermal equilibrium at the same time as a third system, then all of the systems are at equilibrium with each other. If systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with B, then system A and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. There are underlying ideas of heat that are also important. The most prominent one is that all heat is of the same kind. As long as the systems are at thermal equilibrium, every unit of internal energy that passes from one system to the other is balanced by the same amount of energy passing back. This also applies when the two systems or objects have different atomic masses or material.

====A Mathematical Model====

If A = B and A = C, then B = C
A = B = C

====A Computational Model====

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

===First Law===

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) ''into'' a system and work (W) ''done by'' the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, '''enthalpy'''.

====A Mathematical Model====

E2 - E1 = Q - W

==Examples==

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==Connectedness==
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== See also ==

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===Further reading===

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===External links===

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==References==

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thereq.html

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