Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T07:44:19Z

Owenfisher16:

Claimed by Owen Fisher (ofisher3)

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

===Difficult===
[[File:Difficult Question.JPG]]

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T07:41:21Z

Owenfisher16: /* Difficult */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

===Difficult===
[[File:Difficult Question.JPG]]

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T07:38:02Z

Owenfisher16: /* Difficult */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

===Difficult===
[[File:DifficultQuestion.jpg]]

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T07:35:18Z

Owenfisher16: /* Difficult */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

===Difficult===
[[File:DifficultQuestion.JPG]]

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

[[Category:Fields]]

File:Difficult Question.JPG

2015-12-03T07:33:42Z

Owenfisher16: Owenfisher16 uploaded a new version of "File:Difficult Question.JPG"

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T07:33:05Z

Owenfisher16: /* Difficult */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

===Difficult===
[[File:Difficult Question.jpg]]

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

[[Category:Fields]]

File:Difficult Question.JPG

2015-12-03T07:31:27Z

Owenfisher16:

File:Difficult Question.PNG

2015-12-03T07:26:42Z

Owenfisher16:

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T07:03:49Z

Owenfisher16: /* References */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T06:59:41Z

Owenfisher16: /* Middling */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
*Question Why are charged objects attracted to neutral objects?
The attraction of both positively and negatively charged invisible tape to your hand, and to many other neutral objects, is deeply mysterious. The net charge of a neutral object is zero, so your neutral hand should not make an electric field that could act on a charged tape, nor should your neutral hand experience a force due to the electric field made by a charged tape. Nothing in our statement of the properties of electric interactions allows us to explain this attraction!

===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T06:42:29Z

Owenfisher16: /* Simple */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
Suppose that you have a negatively charged tape hanging from the desk, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape.
*If the tape swings toward the pencil, does this show that the pencil had been positively by rubbing it on the wool?
Not necessarily. Even if the pencil is uncharged, the charged tape will polarize the and be attracted by the induced dipoles.
*Can a charged object repel a neutral object? Why or why not?
Polarization always brings the unlike-sign charge closer, yielding a net attraction. Repulsion of an induced dipole can't happen. Therefore repulsion is the better test of whether an object is charged.

===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T05:34:53Z

Owenfisher16: /* The Main Idea */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

[[File:Figure_20_05_06(a)a.jpg]]

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T05:33:39Z

Owenfisher16: /* A Computational Model */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T05:32:53Z

Owenfisher16: /* A Computational Model */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

===A Computational Model===

[[File:u8l1e3.gif|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

[[Category:Fields]]

File:Figure 20 05 06(a)a.jpg

2015-12-03T05:30:54Z

Owenfisher16:

File:U8l1e3.gif

2015-12-03T05:25:26Z

Owenfisher16:

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T04:49:04Z

Owenfisher16: /* History */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

===A Computational Model===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_ubxdTOV34

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

The two scientists accredited with first coming up with the electron cloud model of the atom, on which atom polarization is based upon, are Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born British scientist, and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. Both of these gentlemen's atom models included the electron cloud. Rutherford released his model in 1911, and Bohr came out with his model shortly thereafter in 1913. Rutherford's model however, suggested that all atoms were unstable. Bohr corrected this by suggesting that the electrons in the atom could only have certain classical motions. Without these two men, we could never have discovered how the polarization of an atom works.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T03:12:11Z

Owenfisher16: /* Further reading */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

===A Computational Model===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_ubxdTOV34

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*''Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations'' by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*''General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets'' by Richard C. Raffenetti
*''Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations'' by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*''Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation'' by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T03:11:35Z

Owenfisher16: /* Further reading */

Claimed by Owen Fisher

This page serves to outline and explain the inner workings and hidden mechanisms of the polarization of an atom.

==The Main Idea==

In an atom, the cloud of electrons, while connected to the nucleus, is not exactly centered on the nucleus. For this reason, atoms can interact with external charges and become polarized. The nucleus and cloud of electrons can move relative to each other. If an external charge comes into the same space that an atom occupies or is close by, the charge creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the atom. "Applied" electric fields such as this explain why the electron cloud and nucleus can move relative to each other. For example, if a positive charge is placed to the left of an atom, an electric field will be created that shifts the electron cloud of the atom towards the positive charge (to the left) and will shift the net positive nucleus away from the charge (to the right) as two objects of the same charge repel each other. In this case, it is now more probable to find an electron to the left of the nucleus, rather than the right.
===A Mathematical Model===

<math>{\vec{F} = q\vec{E}}</math> where '''F''' is the force created by the electric field '''E''' and the charge of a particle '''q'''. This force is what causes the atom to become polarized.

<math>{\vec{p} = α\vec{E}}</math> for almost all materials, the dipole moment '''p''' of the polarized atoms or molecules is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field '''E'''. The constant '''α''' is called the "polarizability" of a particular material. Many of these polarizability values have been measured experimentally and can be found in reference volumes.

===A Computational Model===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_ubxdTOV34

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
*Atoms are the composition of all life. Anything can be broken down into atoms and subatomic particles. If we are able to understand atoms we understand the fundamental concepts of all life, and that is pretty interesting in my opinion.

How is it connected to your major?
*Polarization of atoms is not directly related to my major of Mechanical Engineering; however, there are classes I am required to take such as Intro to Physics 2 and Chemistry where the polarization of atoms directly applies.

Is there an interesting industrial application?
*There are many interesting industrial applications of the polarization of atoms over a broad scope of fields.

Some of these include:

Chemistry
*Checking chirality of organic compounds
*Infrared spectroscopy
Astronomy
*Providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization probes the interstellar magnetic field
*Polarization of cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the early universe
3D Movies
*Images are projected from the projector with multiplexed polarization
*3D glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye receives only the intended image
Communication and Radar
*All radio transmitting and receiving antennas are intrinsically polarized-think FM and AM radio
*Vertical polarization is used to radiate a radio signal in all directions, such as those used in mobile phones
*Alternating vertical and horizontal polarization allows satellite communication systems to broadcast two separate transmissions on a single frequency
Material Science Engineering
*the relationship between strain and birefringence motivates the use of polarization in characterizing the distribution of stress and strain in prototypes
Navigation
*Sky polarization was used in the 1950s when navigating near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field when neither the sun nor stars were visible

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

[[Polarization]]

===Further reading===

*Polarization Functions for First and Second Row Atoms in Gaussian type MO-SCF Calculations by B. Roos and P. Siegbahn
*General Contraction of Gaussian Atomic Orbitals: Core, Valence, Polarization, and Diffuse Basis Sets by Richard C. Raffenetti
*Polarization Propagator Methods in Atomic and Molecular Calculations by Jens Oddershede, Poul Jørgensen, and Danny L. Yeager
*Phase of the Atomic Polarization in High-Order Harmonic Generation by Maciej Lewenstein, Pascal Salières, and Anne L’Huillier

===External links===

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Polarization

http://academics.smcvt.edu/abrizard/EM/dielectric_I.pdf

http://budker.berkeley.edu/papers/pdfs/QBvisualisationPreprint.pdf

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-001-electromagnetic-fields-and-energy-spring-2008/chapter-6/06.pdf

http://www.hho4free.com/electrical_polarization.htm

==References==

https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=14.3

http://www.slideshare.net/pabitadhungel321/polarization-and-its-application

[[Category:Fields]]

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T02:53:28Z

Owenfisher16: /* References */

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T02:52:44Z

Owenfisher16: /* See also */

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T02:51:30Z

Owenfisher16: /* See also */

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T02:49:07Z

Owenfisher16: /* References */

Polarization of an Atom

2015-12-03T02:48:41Z