Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-07T00:42:02Z

Rachelstill: /* References */

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

[[File:pierresimon.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.

The blue dot is Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France.
Caen and Paris are noted in pink.

[[File:france.jpg]]

==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.

[[File:stars.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.

[[File:equation2.jpg]]

[[File:model.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace

http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model and equation of Laplace's Equation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html

http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/

http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-07T00:41:44Z

Rachelstill: /* External Links */

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

[[File:pierresimon.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.

The blue dot is Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France.
Caen and Paris are noted in pink.

[[File:france.jpg]]

==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.

[[File:stars.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.

[[File:equation2.jpg]]

[[File:model.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace

http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model and equation of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T21:04:41Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

[[File:pierresimon.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.

The blue dot is Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France.
Caen and Paris are noted in pink.

[[File:france.jpg]]

==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.

[[File:stars.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.

[[File:equation2.jpg]]

[[File:model.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model and equation of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T21:04:07Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

[[File:pierresimon.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.

The blue dot is Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France.
Caen and Paris are circled in red.

[[File:france.jpg]]

==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.

[[File:stars.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.

[[File:equation2.jpg]]

[[File:model.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model and equation of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

File:Equation2.jpg

2015-12-05T21:02:51Z

Rachelstill: Rachelstill uploaded a new version of "File:Equation2.jpg"

File:Model.jpg

2015-12-05T21:01:18Z

Rachelstill:

File:Stars.jpg

2015-12-05T21:00:29Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:59:56Z

Rachelstill: /* Early Life and Schooling */

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

[[File:pierresimon.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.

The blue dot is Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France.
Caen and Paris are circled in red.

[[File:france.jpg]]

==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
[[File:Example.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:59:07Z

Rachelstill: /* Early Life and Schooling */

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

[[File:pierresimon.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.
[[File:france.jpg]]

==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
[[File:Example.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:58:45Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

[[File:pierresimon.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
[[File:Example.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

File:Pierrelaplace.jpg

2015-12-05T20:57:54Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:56:39Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

[[File:pierrelaplace.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
[[File:Example.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:55:45Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

[[File:Example.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
[[File:Example.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:55:10Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:Example.jpg]]
[[File:Example.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

File:France.jpg

2015-12-05T20:51:26Z

Rachelstill:

File:Pierresimon.jpg

2015-12-05T20:50:55Z

Rachelstill: Rachelstill uploaded a new version of "File:Pierresimon.jpg"

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:48:10Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.

==Career==
===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.

===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:laplaceequation1.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:47:41Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. A resource compiled by Rachel Still.

==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.

===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.

===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:laplaceequation1.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

File:Laplaceequationmodel.jpg

2015-12-05T20:43:57Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:43:08Z

Rachelstill:

[[File:Example.jpg]]
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.

===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.

===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:laplaceequation1.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

File:Pierresimon.jpg

2015-12-05T20:41:20Z

Rachelstill:

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:40:45Z

Rachelstill:

[[File:pierresimon.jpg]]
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.
[[File:france-en.jpg]]

===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.
[[File:stars.jpg]]
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
[[File:laplaceequation1.jpg]]

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:37:00Z

Rachelstill:

/Users/rachelstill/Desktop/440px-Pierre-Simon,_marquis_de_Laplace_(1745-1827)_-_Guérin.jpg
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.
/Users/rachelstill/Desktop/Rachel Still/School/Fall 2015/Physics/Wiki Page/france_en.jpg
==Career==

===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.
/Users/rachelstill/Desktop/1024px-LH_95.jpg
===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.
/Users/rachelstill/Desktop/Screen Shot 2015-12-05 at 3.36.10 PM.png
/Users/rachelstill/Desktop/700px-Laplace's_equation_on_an_annulus.jpg
==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Pierre Laplace Pt. 2

2015-12-05T20:33:24Z

Rachelstill: Created page with "Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. ==Early Life and Schooling== Pierre-..."

Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was a very prominent mathematician and physicist in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

==Early Life and Schooling==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace was born on March 23,1749 in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France. His father, Pierre Laplace, was well off in the cider trade and a small farmer. His mother, Marie-Anne Sochon, was from a prosperous farming family. While relatively well off, little education was apparent in the family, only Pierre-Simon’s uncle received an education. There is little known about Pierre-Simon’s early life. From a young age, Pierre-Simon attended a military academy, where he showed early promise with mathematical abilities. When he was sixteen, Pierre-Simon attended the University of Caen. His father always wanted him to make a career in the church, so he originally enrolled to study theology, before he realized his passion. Pierre-Simon did not stay at the University of Caen very long, only about two years, before he decided to leave without a degree. Receiving a letter of degree from his teachers for established mathematician Jean d’Alembret, Laplace made his way from the University in Caen to Paris.

==Career==

===Papers Written===
Within five years of accepting his job at École Militaire, he had already written thirteen scientific papers regarding various things, such as integral calculus, physical astronomy, and mechanics. Laplace’s first paper to read, but not published, by Académie de Sciences in Paris was in March 1770. The paper expanded on Lagrange’s (another famous mathematician of the time) methods of maximas and minimas of curves. His first paper that was actually published was in 1771, which was about integral calculus. Laplace also published another one that included equations important to mechanics and physical astronomy. Two of his most influential books were “The Exposition” and “Traité de Mécanique Celeste”, each with 5 volumes. “The Exposition” covered various topics such as motion of the sea and apparent motion of celestial bodies (book 1), actual motion of celestial bodies (book 2), force and momentum theories (book 3), universal gravitation theory and the shape of the Earth (book 4), and the historical account of astronomy and his famous Nebular Hypothesis (book 5). (See Scientific Discoveries and Contributions for more on the Nebular Hypothesis) Another one of his most famous books, “Traité de Mécanique Celeste” was considered his greatest work of all time. The book mainly focused on physics concepts, such as equilibrium and the motion of solids and fluids. It also focused on the motion of bodies in the solar system in accordance to the Law of Universal Gravitation. Throughout his career, Laplace applied his ideas to write papers that explain many phenomenons, such as double refraction, velocity of sound, capillary action, theory of heat and elastic fluids. Laplace had a strong infatuation with the study and movement of fluids, and even continued to write about them past the age of seventy years old.

===Positions Held===
After Laplace was accepted under d’Alembret’s wing, he was given his first job at École Militaire from 1769-1776. While he was there, he taught classes, did a lot of his beginning research there, and wrote many papers. After many years of teaching, Laplace moved to Académie de Sciences after had reading thirteen papers to them in less than three years. During his time there, he served on many different committees, and even held a senior position, beginning in 1785. During this time, he also was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps and did various things there, such as writing reports on cadets and even passing Napoleon Bonaparte, which made him well known to many powerful people in France at the time. After leaving Paris for a short time, due to political instability, Laplace helped find the École Normal school, which aimed to teach school teachers. Laplace taught there as well, but the school was only opened fourteen months. After the school closed, he helped to find the Bureau and the Paris Observatory. He also helped to lead the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, which was basically a reopening of the Académie de Sciences, after it was closed. It was considered the height of his influence when he and several others founded the Société de Arcueil in 1805. The society was composed of several French scientists who met just south of Paris, in Arcueil, and wanted to take leading roles in the study of physics. Unrelated to his scientific career, he was also briefly the chancellor of the Senate.

==Scientific Discoveries and Contributions==
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace made unbelievably significant advances in the scientific community. Some of his major contributions were advances in calculus, especially in differential equations, which he applied to make discoveries in mathematical astronomy. These discoveries included the stability of the solar system, the relationship between planets and their moons, and the tendencies of planets and their orbits. Within the field of mathematics specifically, Laplace also studied a concentration of statistics and probability. Another key part of Laplace’s research is the study of physics related concepts, especially on theories of heat toward the end of his career, which through he discovered respiration is a form of combustion. In the later part of his career, Laplace sought to establish that almost all of nature can be explained by being reduced to actions between molecules. Another one of his most important contributions was he was on one of the committees in the Académie de Sciences that worked to standardize all measurement. Laplace even was the one that advocated for the metric system and decimal base.

===Famous Nebular Hypothesis===
This is one of Laplace’s most famous contributions to the scientific society at the time. This theory states that the solar system was originally created from the contracting and cooling of a incandescent gas that was very flat and slowly rotating. It is one of the mostly widely accepted theories of the evolution of the solar system. Although another scientist had had the idea before Laplace had, Laplace had proposed this idea independently sometime later.

===Laplace's Equation===
Although Laplace’s Equation was named after him, it was not in fact discovered by him. It is named for him though because of his studies related to the mathematic field. Laplace gave credit of the equation in his book “Mécanique Céleste”, fittingly to his haughty personality. The equation is a twice differentiable equation of all the coordinates of the Cartesian system such that they equal zero. It is known as a simple example of an elliptic partial differential equation.

==Personal Life==
Although Laplace was commonly considered the “Newton of France”, he ran into many difficulties because of his attitude and lack of humbleness. Early in his career, he began to have rocky relationships with his colleagues, because of his inability to give credit where it was due and to be humble. Even though he was, Laplace considered himself the best mathematician in France and if he would make an error in a paper, he would blame it on the printer, rather than as his mistake. He had a wife and two children, the daughter died during childbirth and the son never had children. Laplace was often known for commonly changing his beliefs and opinions to match those that were popular of the time, another characteristic that made him unpopular with his colleagues. Yet, this also seemed to prove successful sometimes with people of power, as he was named a marquis in 1817. Laplace lived during a very politically turbulent time in France, frequently having to leave and come back to Paris, dealing with such things as the “Reign of Terror”, which affected his life and career choices greatly. Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace died on March 5th, 1827 by causes unknown.

==External Links==
https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcelest12lapl - “A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics” a book by Pierre-Simon de marquis Laplace
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/laplace/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pierre-Simon_Laplace

==References==
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#/media/File:LH_95.jpg (only used for photo of star formation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation (only used for picture of model of Laplace's Equation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (only used for picture of Pierre Laplace)

Content:
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Laplace.html
http://www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/
http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pierre_Simon_marquis_de_Laplace.aspx

Main Page

2015-12-05T19:27:54Z

Rachelstill: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T19:23:05Z

Rachelstill: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Pierre Laplace

2015-12-02T03:26:12Z

Rachelstill: /* The Main Idea */

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic
Electric Field of Capacitor

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Pierre Laplace

2015-12-01T02:05:54Z

Rachelstill: Created page with "==The Main Idea== Pierre Laplace ===Early Life=== dkfjalshg ===Contributions=== askdlglhalskg How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vp..."

==The Main Idea==

Pierre Laplace

===Early Life===

dkfjalshg

===Contributions===

askdlglhalskg

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

Main Page

2015-12-01T02:02:25Z

Rachelstill: /* Notable Scientists */