Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T11:22:45Z

Rkeefe3: /* References */

In this wiki page, you will learn about thin and thick wires and how they physically operate.

''Wiki created by Ryan Keefe (rkeefe3)''

==The Big Picture==

Let's start out by saying this: no matter how much the wire's thickness changes, if a wire has a current running through it, it will always have the same number of electrons passing through it every second. This value cannot change within the wire just because of thickness. What can change however is the magnitude of the electric field caused by the wire.

===Electric Field(conceptual)===

Because the electric field due to a wire can be formulated by this:

<math> E(R)=\frac{\lambda}{2 \pi \epsilon_0 R}</math>

Since electric field is inversely related to the radius of the wire, the thicker the wire, the less the magnitude of the wire. Funny enough though, if you take a wire (we will call this wire A) with a current and replace a section of the wire with a thinner wire (we will call this wire B) and measure the magnitude of the electric field at thick sites of the wires, we will find that wire A has a larger magnitude than wire B. Why is this? Well, analyzing wire B, one can find a large gradient of surface charge across the section of thin wire replacing the thick wire, meaning this area is acting like a funnel for electrons. This funnel means that the overall speed of the electrons going through the wire. This is true for the whole wire. As stated above, every wire has a constant number of electrons passing through it every second, also known as electron current. Because of this slow down due the thin wire, the value of <math>\lambda</math>, which is charge per unit length, goes down making the electric field magnitude go down as well.

===Electric Field(mathmatical)===

Another formula for the relationship of thickness versus the magnitude of the electric field is:

<math>i=nAuE</math>

Where <math>i</math> is the electron current, <math>n</math> is the mobile charges per volume of wire, <math>A</math> is the cross sectional area of the wire, <math>u</math> is the electron mobility, and <math>E</math> is the magnitude of the electric field.

==Example==
===Example 1===
In the circuit below, all the wires are made of the same material, but a section of the wire is thin.

[[File:MediumExampleLoopRule.jpg]]

Which of the following are true?

# The electron current is the same at every location in this circuit.
# The magnitude of the electric field at location D is larger than the magnitude of the electric field at location G
# The magnitude of the electric field is the same at every location in this circuit.
# The magnitude of the electric field at location G is smaller in this circuit than it would be if all the wires were thick.
# Fewer electrons per second pass location E than location C.
# There is a large gradient of surface charge on the wire between locations C and E.
# There is no surface charge at all on the wire near location G.
# The electron current in this circuit is less than the electron current would be if all the wires were thick.

Let's go through the choices one at a time:

'''Choice 1:''' Is true, all wires that work have the same electron current or flow throughout.

'''Choice 2:''' Is true, because electric field strength is inversely related to the radius of the wire.

'''Choice 3:''' Is false, because there are wires of different thicknesses in the total wire.

'''Choice 4:''' Is true, because the thin wire in this one makes the electron current overall slower, than the electric field strength is also weaker with the thick wire.

'''Choice 5:''' Is false, because electron current is constant throughout the wire.

'''Choice 6:''' Is true, because of the funnel between the thick wire and thin wire that crowds up the electrons.

'''Choice 7:''' Is false, because point G is near the battery terminal.

'''Choice 8:''' Is true, because the thin wire is slowing everything up like a funnel through the wire.

===Example 2===
Using the picture from Example 1, let's say that the electron current is 5E18 1/s, there are 4E28 mobile electrons per cubic meter, the electron mobility is 0.00006 (m/s)(V/m), and that the radius of the thing wire is 0.2mm. What is the electric field strength around point D?

'''Solution:''' Using the equation <math>i=nAuE</math>, one can solve this problem. Rearrange the equation and plug in the numbers.

<math>E_(D)=\frac{i}{nAU}=\frac{5*10^{18}}{4*10^{28}*\pi*(0.2*10^{-3})^{2}*0.00006}=1.66 V/m</math>

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4th Edition

http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/302l/lectures/node26.html

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T11:14:36Z

Rkeefe3:

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T11:00:18Z

Rkeefe3:

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T10:59:57Z

Rkeefe3:

Thin and Thick Wires

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Rkeefe3:

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T10:58:26Z

Rkeefe3: /* Example 2 */

Thin and Thick Wires

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Rkeefe3: /* Example 2 */

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T10:57:39Z

Rkeefe3: /* Example 2 */

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T10:56:54Z

Rkeefe3: /* Example 2 */

In this wiki page, you will learn about thin and thick wires and how they physically operate.

''Wiki created by Ryan Keefe (rkeefe3)''

==The Big Picture==

Let's start out by saying this: no matter how much the wire's thickness changes, if a wire has a current running through it, it will always have the same number of electrons passing through it every second. This value cannot change within the wire just because of thickness. What can change however is the magnitude of the electric field caused by the wire.

===Electric Field(conceptual)===

Because the electric field due to a wire can be formulated by this:

<math> E(R)=\frac{\lambda}{2 \pi \epsilon_0 R}</math>

Since electric field is inversely related to the radius of the wire, the thicker the wire, the less the magnitude of the wire. Funny enough though, if you take a wire (we will call this wire A) with a current and replace a section of the wire with a thinner wire (we will call this wire B) and measure the magnitude of the electric field at thick sites of the wires, we will find that wire A has a larger magnitude than wire B. Why is this? Well, analyzing wire B, one can find a large gradient of surface charge across the section of thin wire replacing the thick wire, meaning this area is acting like a funnel for electrons. This funnel means that the overall speed of the electrons going through the wire. This is true for the whole wire. As stated above, every wire has a constant number of electrons passing through it every second, also known as electron current. Because of this slow down due the thin wire, the value of <math>\lambda</math>, which is charge per unit length, goes down making the electric field magnitude go down as well.

===Electric Field(mathmatical)===

Another formula for the relationship of thickness versus the magnitude of the electric field is:

<math>i=nAuE</math>

Where <math>i</math> is the electron current, <math>n</math> is the mobile charges per volume of wire, <math>A</math> is the cross sectional area of the wire, <math>u</math> is the electron mobility, and <math>E</math> is the magnitude of the electric field.

==Example==
===Example 1===
In the circuit below, all the wires are made of the same material, but a section of the wire is thin.

[[File:MediumExampleLoopRule.jpg]]

Which of the following are true?

# The electron current is the same at every location in this circuit.
# The magnitude of the electric field at location D is larger than the magnitude of the electric field at location G
# The magnitude of the electric field is the same at every location in this circuit.
# The magnitude of the electric field at location G is smaller in this circuit than it would be if all the wires were thick.
# Fewer electrons per second pass location E than location C.
# There is a large gradient of surface charge on the wire between locations C and E.
# There is no surface charge at all on the wire near location G.
# The electron current in this circuit is less than the electron current would be if all the wires were thick.

Let's go through the choices one at a time:

'''Choice 1:''' Is true, all wires that work have the same electron current or flow throughout.

'''Choice 2:''' Is true, because electric field strength is inversely related to the radius of the wire.

'''Choice 3:''' Is false, because there are wires of different thicknesses in the total wire.

'''Choice 4:''' Is true, because the thin wire in this one makes the electron current overall slower, than the electric field strength is also weaker with the thick wire.

'''Choice 5:''' Is false, because electron current is constant throughout the wire.

'''Choice 6:''' Is true, because of the funnel between the thick wire and thin wire that crowds up the electrons.

'''Choice 7:''' Is false, because point G is near the battery terminal.

'''Choice 8:''' Is true, because the thin wire is slowing everything up like a funnel through the wire.

===Example 2===
Using the picture from Example 1, let's say that the electron current is 5E18 1/s, there are 4E28 mobile electrons per cubic meter, the electron mobility is 0.00006 (m/s)(V/m), and that the radius of the thing wire is 0.2mm. What is the electric field strength around point D?

'''Solution:''' Using the equation <math>i=nAuE</math>, one can solve this problem. Rearrange the equation and plug in the numbers.

<math>E_(D)=\frac{i}{nAU}=\frac{5*10^(18)}{4*10^(28)*\pi*(0.2*10^(-3))^2*0.00006}=1.66 V/m

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T10:56:14Z

Rkeefe3: /* Example 2 */

Thin and Thick Wires

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Rkeefe3: /* Example 2 */

Thin and Thick Wires

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Rkeefe3: /* Example 2 */

Thin and Thick Wires

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Rkeefe3: /* Example */

Thin and Thick Wires

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Rkeefe3: /* Example 1 */

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T10:07:58Z

Rkeefe3: /* Example */

In this wiki page, you will learn about thin and thick wires and how they physically operate.

''Wiki created by Ryan Keefe (rkeefe3)''

==The Big Picture==

Let's start out by saying this: no matter how much the wire's thickness changes, if a wire has a current running through it, it will always have the same number of electrons passing through it every second. This value cannot change within the wire just because of thickness. What can change however is the magnitude of the electric field caused by the wire.

===Electric Field(conceptual)===

Because the electric field due to a wire can be formulated by this:

<math> E(R)=\frac{\lambda}{2 \pi \epsilon_0 R}</math>

Since electric field is inversely related to the radius of the wire, the thicker the wire, the less the magnitude of the wire. Funny enough though, if you take a wire (we will call this wire A) with a current and replace a section of the wire with a thinner wire (we will call this wire B) and measure the magnitude of the electric field at thick sites of the wires, we will find that wire A has a larger magnitude than wire B. Why is this? Well, analyzing wire B, one can find a large gradient of surface charge across the section of thin wire replacing the thick wire, meaning this area is acting like a funnel for electrons. This funnel means that the overall speed of the electrons going through the wire. This is true for the whole wire. As stated above, every wire has a constant number of electrons passing through it every second, also known as electron current. Because of this slow down due the thin wire, the value of <math>\lambda</math>, which is charge per unit length, goes down making the electric field magnitude go down as well.

===Electric Field(mathmatical)===

Another formula for the relationship of thickness versus the magnitude of the electric field is:

<math>i=nAuE</math>

Where <math>i</math> is the electron current, <math>n</math> is the mobile charges per volume of wire, <math>A</math> is the cross sectional area of the wire, <math>u</math> is the electron mobility, and <math>E</math> is the magnitude of the electric field.

==Example==
===Example 1===
In the circuit below, all the wires are made of the same material, but a section of the wire is thin.

[[File:MediumExampleLoopRule.jpg]]

Which of the following are true?

# The electron current is the same at every location in this circuit.
# The magnitude of the electric field at location D is larger than the magnitude of the electric field at location G
# The magnitude of the electric field is the same at every location in this circuit.
# The magnitude of the electric field at location G is smaller in this circuit than it would be if all the wires were thick.
# Fewer electrons per second pass location E than location C.
# There is a large gradient of surface charge on the wire between locations C and E.
# There is no surface charge at all on the wire near location G.
# The electron current in this circuit is less than the electron current would be if all the wires were thick.

Let's go through the choices one at a time:

'''Choice 1:''' Is true, all wires that work have the same electron current or flow throughout.
'''Choice 2:''' Is true, because electric field strength is inversely related to the radius of the wire.
'''Choice 3:''' Is false, because there are wires of different thicknesses in the total wire.
'''Choice 4:''' Is true, because the thin wire in this one makes the electron current overall slower, than the electric field strength is also weaker with the thick wire.
'''Choice 5:''' Is false, because electron current is constant throughout the wire.
'''Choice 6:''' Is true, because of the funnel between the thick wire and thin wire that crowds up the electrons.
'''Choice 7:''' Is false, because point G is near the battery terminal.
'''Choice 8:''' Is true, because the thin wire is slowing everything up like a funnel through the wire.

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T09:59:26Z

Rkeefe3: /* Example */

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-06T05:05:21Z

Rkeefe3: /* Example */

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Rkeefe3: /* Example */

Thin and Thick Wires

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Rkeefe3:

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Rkeefe3: /* Electric Field(mathmatical) */

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Rkeefe3: /* The Big Picture */

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Rkeefe3:

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Rkeefe3:

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Rkeefe3:

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Rkeefe3: /* Example */

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Rkeefe3: /* Example */

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Rkeefe3:

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Rkeefe3: /* The Big Picture */

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Rkeefe3:

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Rkeefe3:

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Thin and Thick Wires

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Rkeefe3:

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-01T05:28:35Z

Rkeefe3:

In this wiki page, you will learn about thin and thick wires and how they physically operate.

''Wiki created by Ryan Keefe (rkeefe3)''

==Thermodynamics==

This wiki was created by Ryan Keefe (rkeefe3). This topics focuses on energy work of a system but it can only deal with a large scale response to heat in a system. '''Thermodynamics''' is the study of the work, heat and energy of a system. The smaller scale gas interactions can explained using the kinetic theory of gases. There are three fundamental laws that go along with the topic of thermodynamics. They are the zeroth law, the first law, and the second law. These laws help us understand predict the the operation of the physical system. In order to understand the laws, you must first understand thermal equilibrium. [[Thermal equilibrium]] is reached when a object that is at a higher temperature is in contact with an object that is at a lower temperature and the first object transfers heat to the latter object until they approach the same temperature and maintain that temperature constantly. It is also important to note that any thermodynamic system in thermal equilibrium possesses internal energy.

===Zeroth Law===

The zeroth law states that if two systems are at thermal equilibrium at the same time as a third system, then all of the systems are at equilibrium with each other. If systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with B, then system A and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. There are underlying ideas of heat that are also important. The most prominent one is that all heat is of the same kind. As long as the systems are at thermal equilibrium, every unit of internal energy that passes from one system to the other is balanced by the same amount of energy passing back. This also applies when the two systems or objects have different atomic masses or material.

====A Mathematical Model====

If A = B and A = C, then B = C
A = B = C

====A Computational Model====

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

===First Law===

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) ''into'' a system and work (W) ''done by'' the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, '''enthalpy'''.

====A Mathematical Model====

E2 - E1 = Q - W

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-12-01T05:26:47Z

Rkeefe3:

Test

==Thermodynamics==

This wiki was created by Ryan Keefe (rkeefe3). This topics focuses on energy work of a system but it can only deal with a large scale response to heat in a system. '''Thermodynamics''' is the study of the work, heat and energy of a system. The smaller scale gas interactions can explained using the kinetic theory of gases. There are three fundamental laws that go along with the topic of thermodynamics. They are the zeroth law, the first law, and the second law. These laws help us understand predict the the operation of the physical system. In order to understand the laws, you must first understand thermal equilibrium. [[Thermal equilibrium]] is reached when a object that is at a higher temperature is in contact with an object that is at a lower temperature and the first object transfers heat to the latter object until they approach the same temperature and maintain that temperature constantly. It is also important to note that any thermodynamic system in thermal equilibrium possesses internal energy.

===Zeroth Law===

The zeroth law states that if two systems are at thermal equilibrium at the same time as a third system, then all of the systems are at equilibrium with each other. If systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with B, then system A and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. There are underlying ideas of heat that are also important. The most prominent one is that all heat is of the same kind. As long as the systems are at thermal equilibrium, every unit of internal energy that passes from one system to the other is balanced by the same amount of energy passing back. This also applies when the two systems or objects have different atomic masses or material.

====A Mathematical Model====

If A = B and A = C, then B = C
A = B = C

====A Computational Model====

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

===First Law===

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) ''into'' a system and work (W) ''done by'' the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, '''enthalpy'''.

====A Mathematical Model====

E2 - E1 = Q - W

Main Page

2015-12-01T05:24:45Z

Rkeefe3: /* Simple Circuits */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
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Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Big Bang Theory]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Relativistic Kinetic Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers]]
*[[Kirchoff's Circuit Laws]]
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
*[[blahb]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]]

Main Page

2015-12-01T05:24:15Z

Rkeefe3: /* Simple Circuits */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Big Bang Theory]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Relativistic Kinetic Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers]]
*[[Kirchoff's Circuit Laws]]
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
*[[blahb]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]]

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-11-29T04:28:24Z

Rkeefe3: /* Thermodynamics */

==Thermodynamics==

This wiki was created by Ryan Keefe (rkeefe3). This topics focuses on energy work of a system but it can only deal with a large scale response to heat in a system. '''Thermodynamics''' is the study of the work, heat and energy of a system. The smaller scale gas interactions can explained using the kinetic theory of gases. There are three fundamental laws that go along with the topic of thermodynamics. They are the zeroth law, the first law, and the second law. These laws help us understand predict the the operation of the physical system. In order to understand the laws, you must first understand thermal equilibrium. [[Thermal equilibrium]] is reached when a object that is at a higher temperature is in contact with an object that is at a lower temperature and the first object transfers heat to the latter object until they approach the same temperature and maintain that temperature constantly. It is also important to note that any thermodynamic system in thermal equilibrium possesses internal energy.

===Zeroth Law===

The zeroth law states that if two systems are at thermal equilibrium at the same time as a third system, then all of the systems are at equilibrium with each other. If systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with B, then system A and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. There are underlying ideas of heat that are also important. The most prominent one is that all heat is of the same kind. As long as the systems are at thermal equilibrium, every unit of internal energy that passes from one system to the other is balanced by the same amount of energy passing back. This also applies when the two systems or objects have different atomic masses or material.

====A Mathematical Model====

If A = B and A = C, then B = C
A = B = C

====A Computational Model====

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

===First Law===

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) ''into'' a system and work (W) ''done by'' the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, '''enthalpy'''.

====A Mathematical Model====

E2 - E1 = Q - W

Thin and Thick Wires

2015-11-29T04:20:29Z

Rkeefe3: /* Thermodynamics */

==Thermodynamics==

This topics focuses on energy work of a system but it can only deal with a large scale response to heat in a system. '''Thermodynamics''' is the study of the work, heat and energy of a system. The smaller scale gas interactions can explained using the kinetic theory of gases. There are three fundamental laws that go along with the topic of thermodynamics. They are the zeroth law, the first law, and the second law. These laws help us understand predict the the operation of the physical system. In order to understand the laws, you must first understand thermal equilibrium. [[Thermal equilibrium]] is reached when a object that is at a higher temperature is in contact with an object that is at a lower temperature and the first object transfers heat to the latter object until they approach the same temperature and maintain that temperature constantly. It is also important to note that any thermodynamic system in thermal equilibrium possesses internal energy.

===Zeroth Law===

The zeroth law states that if two systems are at thermal equilibrium at the same time as a third system, then all of the systems are at equilibrium with each other. If systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with B, then system A and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. There are underlying ideas of heat that are also important. The most prominent one is that all heat is of the same kind. As long as the systems are at thermal equilibrium, every unit of internal energy that passes from one system to the other is balanced by the same amount of energy passing back. This also applies when the two systems or objects have different atomic masses or material.

====A Mathematical Model====

If A = B and A = C, then B = C
A = B = C

====A Computational Model====

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

===First Law===

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) ''into'' a system and work (W) ''done by'' the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, '''enthalpy'''.

====A Mathematical Model====

E2 - E1 = Q - W