Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator

2016-11-30T21:56:37Z

Spanitz3: /* Introduction */

RESERVED by JAY SHAH '''Reserved Fall 2016 Hayley Tsuchiyama'''

Different materials polarize differently in the presence of an electric field depending on their physical makeup. Two classes: Conductors and Insulators, are extremely important to understanding equilibrium in different materials.

==Introduction==

All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (electrons and protons). While all materials contain these two basic units, their distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: Conductors and Insulators. The physical principals of both classes will be discussed.

A quick chart is displayed below summarizing major differences between Conductors and Insulators.

[[File:physicstable.png|200px|thumb|left|Table of differences between Conductors and Insulators]]

===Conductor===

A conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of electrical current in one or more directions. The most important factor of all conductors is that they contain mobile charges. In many chemistry classes, metals are described as a ''sea of electrons'', this means that the negative charges within that metal have the ability to move freely throughout the entirety of the metal. This means that if a charge is transferred to a conductor at any given location, that charge will quickly be distributed across the entire surface of the object. It is important to note that not ''all'' the electrons have the ability to move, only the valence electrons, the electrons in the outer shell of the atom.

Some examples of common conductors include:
- Metals
- Ionic (Salt) Aqueous Solutions
- Human Body

Because of their ability to move electrons freely, conductors transfer both heat and electricity very easily. It is fairly easy for conductors to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field.

===Insulator===
An electrical insulator is an object or type of material that restricts or impedes the free flow of electrons within that material. Unlike conductors, insulators do not contain mobile charges, and do not have valence electrons that are free to move throughout the material. Because of this limitation, if a charge is transferred to an insulator at any given location, that excess charge will remain at the initial location. These charges are rarely distributed evenly across an insulator's surface.

Some examples of common insulators include:
- Rubber
- Glass
- Air

Because insulators lack the ability to have electrons move freely, they cannot transfer heat and electricity very well. It is nearly impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field.

==Charge on a Conductor==
[[File:Inschargedist.gif|thumb|Sphere Conductor]]
An object made of a conducting material will permit charge to be transferred across the entire surface of the object. If charge is transferred to the object at a given location, that charge is quickly distributed across the entire surface of the object. The distribution of charge is the result of electron movement. Since conductors allow for electrons to be transported from particle to particle, a charged object will always distribute its charge until the overall repulsive forces between excess electrons is minimized. This all occurs because of the polarization within the conductor.

If the conductor is spherical, charge is evenly distributed on the outside surface.

If the conductor is not spherical, surface charge density is higher where radius of curvature is smaller. (i.e on sharp points or corner of conductor.)

[[File:hollow.png]]

In the example here, a positively charged metal rod is touched to a neutral conductor. The positive charge from the metal rod is transferred to the surface of the conductor. Because the valence electrons have the ability to move, the positive charge is spread out over the surface of the conductor.

==Charge on an Insulator==
In contrast to conductors, insulators are materials that impede the free flow of electrons from atom to atom and molecule to molecule. If charge is transferred to an insulator at a given location, the excess charge will remain at the initial location of charging. The particles of the insulator do not permit the free flow of electrons; subsequently charge is seldom distributed evenly across the surface of an insulator.
[[File:insulator.png]]

The electrons don't need to spread out evenly. Instead, they stay at where they were.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

== See also ==
[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer] This topic talk about the charge transfer between objects

===External links===
[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explenation of why does charge concentrate at a point on a conductor]

==References==
[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]

[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

2016-04-18T02:27:14Z

Spanitz3:

The Most famously infamous Astronomer

[[File:Jocelyn.jpg]]

==The Main Idea==

Jocelyn Bell Burnell, born July 15, 1943 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is most famously known for her discovery of pulsars.

As a Ph.D. student at the University of Cambridge studying radio astronomy, Bell Burnel detected a rapid set of pulses occurring in continuing intervals on a radio telescope that she helped build during her time as a Ph.D. student. These pulses turned out to be pulsars. And with the discovery of pulsars, the existence of rapidly spinning neutron starts had its first direct piece of evidence.

===Scientific Career ===

Jocelyn Bell Burnell earned her bachelor's degree in physics in 1965 from the University of Glasgow. She than went on to earn a Ph.D. in radio astronomy from the University of Cambridge in 1969.

At the University of Cambridge, she spent two years building a 81.5-megahertz radio telescope that was designed to track quasars. Her job was to operate the telescope and analyze the data produced by it (120 meters of chart paper produced every four days). It was during this time that she noticed unusual pulses that was the first evidence of a pulsar. She consulted her advisor Antony Hewish, and they spent months monitoring and studying these pulses. It was then determined that they were indeed pulsars.

The Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded in 1974 for the discovery of pulsars to Antony Hewish and Martin Ryle, with the omission of her name on the award. This lead to anger and outrage from the scientific community as they though this was unfair. Bell Burnell though, felt the prize was properly awarded, as she was only a student at the time of the discovery. It should be noted that gender discrimination may have been a contributing factor to her not receiving the award. Bell Burnell commented that: "It is an awful waste of time and energy to be grieving over something that you can’t do anything about,” regarding the controversy.

After graduating from the University of Cambridge, Bell Burnell went on to work on the Ariel 5 satellite, at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at the University College London, which was launched in 1974 in order to study X-ray astronomy.

Among her many accomplishments, she became the first female president of the Institute of Physics.

===Positions held===

Research Council Fellow, University of Southampton, England, 1968-1970
Professor at University of Southampton, England, 1970-1973
Professor at Open University, 1973-1987
Professor at University of College London, 1974-1982
Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, 1982-1991
Dean of science at the University of Bath, 2001-2004
Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1999
President of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002-2004
President of the Institute of Physics, 2008-2010
President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2014 - present

==Faith==

Bell Burnell is of the Quaker faith, she advocates the idea that faith and science can coexist. She believes that it is part of the Quaker faith to become closer to God, and her way of becoming closer to God is by observing his creations through science.

===Awards and Honors===
Michelson Medal, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1973
Oppenheimer Prize, 1978
Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize, American Astronomical Society 1987
Herschel Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society, 1989
Jansky Award, National Radio Astronomy Observatory 1995

Honorary D.Univ., York University 1994
Honorary D.Sc. from: Heriot-Watt University 1993,University of Warwick 1995, University of Newcastle 1995, and Cambridge University 1996.

==Publications==

"Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source," Nature 217: 709 (1968), with A. Hewish, J.D.H. Pilkington, P.F. Scott, and R.A. Collins.
"Observations of Some Further Pulsed Radio Source," Nature 218: 126 (1968), with J.D.H. Pilkington, A. Hewish, and T.W. Cole.

Editor, Next Generation Infrared Space Observatory. Kluwer, 1992, with J.K. Davies and R.S. Stobie.

"Simultaneous millimetre and radio observations of Cygnus X-3 in quiescent radio state," Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society 274: 633 (1995), with R.P. Fender, S.T. Garrington, R.E. Spencer, and G.G. Pooley.

"Flaring and quiescent infrared behaviour of Cygnus X-3," Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society 283: 798 (1996), with R.P. Fender, P.M. Williams, and A.S. Webster.

"Comments on the superluminal motion in Cygnus X-3," Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society 285: 187 (1997), with R.N. Ogley and S.J. Newell.

Bell, Susan Jocelyn (1943- ), Irish astronomer. In The Grolier library of international biographies. v. 8. Scientists. Danbury, Conn., Grolier Educational Corp. [1996] p. 16-18.
CT120.G76 1996, v. 8

Bell Burnell, S. Jocelyn. First love. SERC bulletin, v. 5, spring 1994: 7. col. port.
"Jocelyn Bell Burnell reveals her 'first love' - neutron stars."

===External links===

[[http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/pulsars1.html]]

[[http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/sights/pulsars]]

[[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/ontheedge/pulsar/]]

==References==

[http://www.biography.com/people/jocelyn-bell-burnell-9206018#synopsis]
[http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html]
[http://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/irishwoman-who-discovered-the-lighthouses-of-the-universe-1.443538]
[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell]
[[http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/bell.html]]

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

2016-04-18T02:15:37Z

Spanitz3: /* External links */

The Most famously infamous Astronomer
[[File:Jocelyn.jpg]]
==The Main Idea==

Jocelyn Bell Burnel, born July 15, 1943 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is most famously known for her discovery of pulsars.

As a Ph.D. student at the University of Cambridge studying radio astronomy, Bell Burnel detected a rapid set of pulses occurring in continuing intervals on a radio telescope that she helped build during her time as a Ph.D. student. These pulses turned out to be pulsars. And with the discovery of pulsars, the existence of rapidly spinning neutron starts had its first direct piece of evidence.

===Scientific Career ===

Jocelyn Bell Burnell earned her bachelor's degree in physics in 1965 from the University of Glasgow. She than went on to earn a Ph.D. in radio astronomy from the University of Cambridge in 1969.

At the University of Cambridge, she spent two years building a 81.5-megahertz radio telescope that was designed to track quasars. Her job was to operate the telescope and analyze the data produced by it (120 meters of chart paper produced every four days). It was during this time that she noticed unusual pulses that was the first evidence of a pulsar. She consulted her advisor Antony Hewish, and they spent months monitoring and studying these pulses. It was then determined that they were indeed pulsars.

The Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded in 1974 for the discovery of pulsars to Antony Hewish and Martin Ryle, with the omission of her name on the award. This lead to anger and outrage from the scientific community as they though this was unfair. Bell Burnell though, felt the prize was properly awarded, as she was only a student at the time of the discovery. It should be noted that gender discrimination may have been a contributing factor to her not receiving the award. Bell Burnell commented that: "It is an awful waste of time and energy to be grieving over something that you can’t do anything about,” regarding the controversy.

After graduating from the University of Cambridge, Bell Burnell went on to work on the Ariel 5 satellite, at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at the University College London, which was launched in 1974 in order to study X-ray astronomy.

Among her many accomplishments, she became the first female president of the Institute of Physics.

===Positions held===

Research Council Fellow, University of Southampton, England, 1968-1970
Professor at University of Southampton, England, 1970-1973
Professor at Open University, 1973-1987
Professor at University of College London, 1974-1982
Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, 1982-1991
Dean of science at the University of Bath, 2001-2004
Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1999
President of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002-2004
President of the Institute of Physics, 2008-2010
President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2014 - present

==Faith==

Bell Burnell is of the Quaker faith, she advocates the idea that faith and science can coexist. She believes that it is part of the Quaker faith to become closer to God, and her way of becoming closer to God is by observing his creations through science.

===Awards and Honors===
Michelson Medal, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1973
Oppenheimer Prize, 1978
Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize, American Astronomical Society 1987
Herschel Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society, 1989
Jansky Award, National Radio Astronomy Observatory 1995

Honorary D.Univ., York University 1994
Honorary D.Sc. from: Heriot-Watt University 1993,University of Warwick 1995, University of Newcastle 1995, and Cambridge University 1996.

==Publications==

"Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source," Nature 217: 709 (1968), with A. Hewish, J.D.H. Pilkington, P.F. Scott, and R.A. Collins.
"Observations of Some Further Pulsed Radio Source," Nature 218: 126 (1968), with J.D.H. Pilkington, A. Hewish, and T.W. Cole.

Editor, Next Generation Infrared Space Observatory. Kluwer, 1992, with J.K. Davies and R.S. Stobie.

"Simultaneous millimetre and radio observations of Cygnus X-3 in quiescent radio state," Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society 274: 633 (1995), with R.P. Fender, S.T. Garrington, R.E. Spencer, and G.G. Pooley.

"Flaring and quiescent infrared behaviour of Cygnus X-3," Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society 283: 798 (1996), with R.P. Fender, P.M. Williams, and A.S. Webster.

"Comments on the superluminal motion in Cygnus X-3," Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society 285: 187 (1997), with R.N. Ogley and S.J. Newell.

Bell, Susan Jocelyn (1943- ), Irish astronomer. In The Grolier library of international biographies. v. 8. Scientists. Danbury, Conn., Grolier Educational Corp. [1996] p. 16-18.
CT120.G76 1996, v. 8

Bell Burnell, S. Jocelyn. First love. SERC bulletin, v. 5, spring 1994: 7. col. port.
"Jocelyn Bell Burnell reveals her 'first love' - neutron stars."

===External links===

[[http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/pulsars1.html]]

[[http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/sights/pulsars]]

[[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/ontheedge/pulsar/]]

==References==

[http://www.biography.com/people/jocelyn-bell-burnell-9206018#synopsis]
[http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html]
[http://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/irishwoman-who-discovered-the-lighthouses-of-the-universe-1.443538]
[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell]
[[http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/bell.html]]

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

2016-04-18T02:14:33Z

Spanitz3:

The Most famously infamous Astronomer
[[File:Jocelyn.jpg]]
==The Main Idea==

Jocelyn Bell Burnel, born July 15, 1943 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is most famously known for her discovery of pulsars.

As a Ph.D. student at the University of Cambridge studying radio astronomy, Bell Burnel detected a rapid set of pulses occurring in continuing intervals on a radio telescope that she helped build during her time as a Ph.D. student. These pulses turned out to be pulsars. And with the discovery of pulsars, the existence of rapidly spinning neutron starts had its first direct piece of evidence.

===Scientific Career ===

Jocelyn Bell Burnell earned her bachelor's degree in physics in 1965 from the University of Glasgow. She than went on to earn a Ph.D. in radio astronomy from the University of Cambridge in 1969.

At the University of Cambridge, she spent two years building a 81.5-megahertz radio telescope that was designed to track quasars. Her job was to operate the telescope and analyze the data produced by it (120 meters of chart paper produced every four days). It was during this time that she noticed unusual pulses that was the first evidence of a pulsar. She consulted her advisor Antony Hewish, and they spent months monitoring and studying these pulses. It was then determined that they were indeed pulsars.

The Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded in 1974 for the discovery of pulsars to Antony Hewish and Martin Ryle, with the omission of her name on the award. This lead to anger and outrage from the scientific community as they though this was unfair. Bell Burnell though, felt the prize was properly awarded, as she was only a student at the time of the discovery. It should be noted that gender discrimination may have been a contributing factor to her not receiving the award. Bell Burnell commented that: "It is an awful waste of time and energy to be grieving over something that you can’t do anything about,” regarding the controversy.

After graduating from the University of Cambridge, Bell Burnell went on to work on the Ariel 5 satellite, at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at the University College London, which was launched in 1974 in order to study X-ray astronomy.

Among her many accomplishments, she became the first female president of the Institute of Physics.

===Positions held===

Research Council Fellow, University of Southampton, England, 1968-1970
Professor at University of Southampton, England, 1970-1973
Professor at Open University, 1973-1987
Professor at University of College London, 1974-1982
Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, 1982-1991
Dean of science at the University of Bath, 2001-2004
Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1999
President of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002-2004
President of the Institute of Physics, 2008-2010
President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2014 - present

==Faith==

Bell Burnell is of the Quaker faith, she advocates the idea that faith and science can coexist. She believes that it is part of the Quaker faith to become closer to God, and her way of becoming closer to God is by observing his creations through science.

===Awards and Honors===
Michelson Medal, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1973
Oppenheimer Prize, 1978
Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize, American Astronomical Society 1987
Herschel Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society, 1989
Jansky Award, National Radio Astronomy Observatory 1995

Honorary D.Univ., York University 1994
Honorary D.Sc. from: Heriot-Watt University 1993,University of Warwick 1995, University of Newcastle 1995, and Cambridge University 1996.

==Publications==

"Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source," Nature 217: 709 (1968), with A. Hewish, J.D.H. Pilkington, P.F. Scott, and R.A. Collins.
"Observations of Some Further Pulsed Radio Source," Nature 218: 126 (1968), with J.D.H. Pilkington, A. Hewish, and T.W. Cole.

Editor, Next Generation Infrared Space Observatory. Kluwer, 1992, with J.K. Davies and R.S. Stobie.

"Simultaneous millimetre and radio observations of Cygnus X-3 in quiescent radio state," Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society 274: 633 (1995), with R.P. Fender, S.T. Garrington, R.E. Spencer, and G.G. Pooley.

"Flaring and quiescent infrared behaviour of Cygnus X-3," Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society 283: 798 (1996), with R.P. Fender, P.M. Williams, and A.S. Webster.

"Comments on the superluminal motion in Cygnus X-3," Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society 285: 187 (1997), with R.N. Ogley and S.J. Newell.

Bell, Susan Jocelyn (1943- ), Irish astronomer. In The Grolier library of international biographies. v. 8. Scientists. Danbury, Conn., Grolier Educational Corp. [1996] p. 16-18.
CT120.G76 1996, v. 8

Bell Burnell, S. Jocelyn. First love. SERC bulletin, v. 5, spring 1994: 7. col. port.
"Jocelyn Bell Burnell reveals her 'first love' - neutron stars."

===External links===

[http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/pulsars1.html]

[http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/sights/pulsars]

[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/ontheedge/pulsar/]

==References==

[http://www.biography.com/people/jocelyn-bell-burnell-9206018#synopsis]
[http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html]
[http://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/irishwoman-who-discovered-the-lighthouses-of-the-universe-1.443538]
[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell]
[[http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/bell.html]]

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

2016-04-18T01:54:33Z

Spanitz3:

File:Jocelyn.jpg

2016-04-18T01:38:28Z

Spanitz3: http://www.tamuc.edu/academics/colleges/scienceEngineeringAgriculture/departments/physicsAstronomy/images/colloquiaSeminars/Jocelyn.jpg

http://www.tamuc.edu/academics/colleges/scienceEngineeringAgriculture/departments/physicsAstronomy/images/colloquiaSeminars/Jocelyn.jpg

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

2016-04-18T01:37:53Z

Spanitz3:

Short Description of Topic
[[File:Jocelyn.jpg]]
==The Main Idea==

Jocelyn Bell Burnel, born July 15, 1943 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is most famously known for her discovery of pulsars.

As a Ph.D. student at the University of Cambridge studying radio astronomy, Bell Burnel detected a rapid set of pulses occurring in continuing intervals on a radio telescope that she helped build during her time as a Ph.D. student. These pulses turned out to be pulsars. And with the discovery of pulsars, the existence of rapidly spinning neutron starts had its first direct piece of evidence.

===Scientific Career ===

Jocelyn Bell Burnell earned her bachelor's degree in physics in 1965 from the University of Glasgow. She than went on to earn a Ph.D. in radio astronomy from the University of Cambridge in 1969.

At the University of

===Positions held===

Research Council Fellow, University of Southampton, England, 1968-1970
Professor at University of Southampton, England, 1970-1973
Professor at Open University, 1973-1987
Professor at University of College London, 1974-1982
Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, 1982-1991
Dean of science at the University of Bath, 2001-2004
Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1999
President of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002-2004
President of the Institute of Physics, 2008-2010

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

http://www.biography.com/people/jocelyn-bell-burnell-9206018#synopsis
http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html
http://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/irishwoman-who-discovered-the-lighthouses-of-the-universe-1.443538
http://www.britannica.com/biography/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

2016-04-18T01:34:35Z

Spanitz3:

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

Jocelyn Bell Burnel, born July 15, 1943 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is most famously known for her discovery of pulsars.

As a Ph.D. student at the University of Cambridge studying radio astronomy, Bell Burnel detected a rapid set of pulses occurring in continuing intervals on a radio telescope that she helped build during her time as a Ph.D. student. These pulses turned out to be pulsars. And with the discovery of pulsars, the existence of rapidly spinning neutron starts had its first direct piece of evidence.

===Scientific Career ===

Jocelyn Bell Burnell earned her bachelor's degree in physics in 1965 from the University of Glasgow. She than went on to earn a Ph.D. in radio astronomy from the University of Cambridge in 1969.

===Positions held===

Research Council Fellow, University of Southampton, England, 1968-1970
Professor at University of Southampton, England, 1970-1973
Professor at Open University, 1973-1987
Professor at University of College London, 1974-1982
Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, 1982-1991
Dean of science at the University of Bath, 2001-2004
Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1999
President of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002-2004
President of the Institute of Physics, 2008-2010

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

http://www.biography.com/people/jocelyn-bell-burnell-9206018#synopsis
http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html
http://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/irishwoman-who-discovered-the-lighthouses-of-the-universe-1.443538
http://www.britannica.com/biography/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

2016-04-18T01:23:51Z

Spanitz3:

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

Jocelyn Bell Burnel, born July 15, 1943 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is most famously known for her discovery of pulsars.

As a Ph.D. student at the University of Cambridge studying radio astronomy, Bell Burnel detected a rapid set of pulses occurring in continuing intervals on a radio telescope that she helped build during her time as a Ph.D. student. These pulses turned out to be

===Scientific Career ===

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

http://www.biography.com/people/jocelyn-bell-burnell-9206018#synopsis
http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html
http://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/irishwoman-who-discovered-the-lighthouses-of-the-universe-1.443538
http://www.britannica.com/biography/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

2016-04-18T01:08:44Z

Spanitz3: Created page with "Short Description of Topic ==The Main Idea== Dr. Jocelyn Bell Burnell, an astrophysicist, discovered pulsars. ===A Mathematical Model=== What are the mathematical equatio..."

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

Dr. Jocelyn Bell Burnell, an astrophysicist, discovered pulsars.

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]