http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Vdomashchenko3 2026-04-24T19:18:56Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.42.7 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19477 2015-12-06T04:13:17Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a well-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. As time went by, Snell was given more and more classes to teach until he was a full professor. However, he still found spare time to research the subjects he found interesting. Three of his greatest achievements are explained below; they are the law of refraction, how he computed pi, and how he calculated the earth's radius. Willebrord Snell was having difficulties with his health and the medicines that doctors gave him were not helping. He died suddenly while having dinner with his wife, and his law of refraction among other some other books he was working on were not published until after his death.<br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. The law of refraction is n1*sin(x1) = n2*sin(x2) where n1 in the index of refraction of one substance and x1 is the angle that light bends away from the normal in that substance, and n2 is the second index of refraction with x2 being the corresponding angle. <br /> More about this law can be read at [[Snell's Law]].<br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell used polygons to compute the digits of pi. Earlier methods could only compute pi accurately to two decimal places, but using Snell's method with 96 polygons, the number could be calculated to 7 decimal places. Snell came up with his more accurate approximation by adding more sides to the polygons who's lengths and areas he was calculating, and divided their area by three. <br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> In one of the books Snell published there was a method of how he calculated the radius of the earth. Snell used triangulation, a method he came up with, to calculate the distance between two towns that were on the same meridian. These two towns were Alkmaar and Bergen-op-Zoom, which are 130 km away from each other, and he was only a few km off. Using this base distance and larger triangles he was able to calculate the radius. Another method to do this would require journeying through different parts of Europe, but Snell was not only a great scientist but also a family-man, and he did not like leaving his relatives behind. <br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Refraction]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/snell.html<br /> <br /> http://db.math.ust.hk/articles/history_pi/e_history_pi.htm<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19470 2015-12-06T04:12:50Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a well-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. As time went by, Snell was given more and more classes to teach until he was a full professor. However, he still found spare time to research the subjects he found interesting. Three of his greatest achievements are explained below; they are the law of refraction, how he computed pi, and how he calculated the earth's radius. Willebrord Snell was having difficulties with his health and the medicines that doctors gave him were not helping. He died suddenly while having dinner with his wife, and his law of refraction among other some other books he was working on were not published until after his death.<br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. The law of refraction is n1*sin(x1) = n2*sin(x2) where n1 in the index of refraction of one substance and x1 is the angle that light bends away from the normal in that substance, and n2 is the second index of refraction with x2 being the corresponding angle. <br /> More about this law can be read at [[Snell's Law]].<br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell used polygons to compute the digits of pi. Earlier methods could only compute pi accurately to two decimal places, but using Snell's method with 96 polygons, the number could be calculated to 7 decimal places. Snell came up with his more accurate approximation by adding more sides to the polygons who's lengths and areas he was calculating, and divided their area by three. <br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> In one of the books Snell published there was a method of how he calculated the radius of the earth. Snell used triangulation, a method he came up with, to calculate the distance between two towns that were on the same meridian. These two towns were Alkmaar and Bergen-op-Zoom, which are 130 km away from each other, and he was only a few km off. Using this base distance and larger triangles he was able to calculate the radius. Another method to do this would require journeying through different parts of Europe, but Snell was not only a great scientist but also a family-man, and he did not like leaving his relatives behind. <br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Refraction]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/snell.html<br /> <br /> http://db.math.ust.hk/articles/history_pi/e_history_pi.htm<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19452 2015-12-06T04:11:24Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a well-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. As time went by, Snell was given more and more classes to teach until he was a full professor. However, he still found spare time to research the subjects he found interesting. Three of his greatest achievements are explained below; they are the law of refraction, how he computed pi, and how he calculated the earth's radius. Willebrord Snell was having difficulties with his health and the medicines that doctors gave him were not helping. He died suddenly while having dinner with his wife, and his law of refraction among other some other books he was working on were not published until after his death.<br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. The law of refraction is n1*sin(x1) = n2*sin(x2) where n1 in the index of refraction of one substance and x1 is the angle that light bends away from the normal in that substance, and n2 is the second index of refraction with x2 being the corresponding angle. <br /> More about this law can be read at [[Snell's Law]].<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell used polygons to compute the digits of pi. Earlier methods could only compute pi accurately to two decimal places, but using Snell's method with 96 polygons, the number could be calculated to 7 decimal places. Snell came up with his more accurate approximation by adding more sides to the polygons who's lengths and areas he was calculating, and divided their area by three. <br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> In one of the books Snell published there was a method of how he calculated the radius of the earth. Snell used triangulation, a method he came up with, to calculate the distance between two towns that were on the same meridian. These two towns were Alkmaar and Bergen-op-Zoom, which are 130 km away from each other, and he was only a few km off. Using this base distance and larger triangles he was able to calculate the radius. Another method to do this would require journeying through different parts of Europe, but Snell was not only a great scientist but also a family-man, and he did not like leaving his relatives behind. <br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Refraction]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/snell.html<br /> <br /> http://db.math.ust.hk/articles/history_pi/e_history_pi.htm<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19334 2015-12-06T03:57:11Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a well-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. As time went by, Snell was given more and more classes to teach until he was a full professor. However, he still found spare time to research the subjects he found interesting. Three of his greatest achievements are explained below; they are the law of refraction, how he computed pi, and how he calculated the earth's radius. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. The law of refraction is n1*sin(x1) = n2*sin(x2) where n1 in the index of refraction of one substance and x1 is the angle that light bends away from the normal in that substance, and n2 is the second index of refraction with x2 being the corresponding angle. <br /> More about this law can be read at *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Refraction]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19294 2015-12-06T03:51:50Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a well-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. As time went by, Snell was given more and more classes to teach until he was a full professor. However, he still found spare time to research the subjects he found interesting. Three of his greatest achievements are explained below; they are the law of refraction, how he computed pi, and how he calculated the earth's radius. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Refraction]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19239 2015-12-06T03:45:50Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a wel-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. As time went by, Snell was given more and more classes to teach until he was a full professor. However, he still found spare time to research the subjects he found interesting. Three of his greatest achievements are explained below; they are the law of refraction, how he computed pi, and how he calculated the earth's radius. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Refraction]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19229 2015-12-06T03:44:45Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a wel-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. As time went by, Snell was given more and more classes to teach until he was a full professor. However, he still found spare time to research the subjects he found interesting. Three of his greatest achievements are explained below; they are the law of refraction, how he computed pi, and how he calculated the earth's radius. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> [[Category: Snell's Law]]<br /> [[Category: Lenses]]<br /> [[Category: Refraction]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19216 2015-12-06T03:43:29Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a wel-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. As time went by, Snell was given more and more classes to teach until he was a full professor. However, he still found spare time to research the subjects he found interesting. Three of his greatest achievements are explained below; they are the law of refraction, how he computed pi, and how he calculated the earth's radius. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> [[Category: Snell's Law]]<br /> [[Category: Lenses]]<br /> [[Category: Reraction]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19192 2015-12-06T03:40:23Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a wel-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. As time went by, Snell was given more and more classes to teach until he was a full professor. However, he still found spare time to research the subjects he found interesting. Three of his greatest achievements are explained below; they are the law of refraction, how he computed pi, and how he calculated the earth's radius. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19168 2015-12-06T03:38:40Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a wel-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. Refraction is also used very often in the food industry for measuring the amount of sugar inside liquid solutions with a devise known as a refractor. If the angle of light is not what is expected, the companies producing the candy can modify the liquid solution until it is the right consistency. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19119 2015-12-06T03:33:03Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a wel-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> <br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=19076 2015-12-06T03:29:22Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell is a wel-known mathematician and physicist, most known for his law of refraction. <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> Although today we have more accurate ways to measure the radius of the Earth and the digits of pi, it is still awe-inspiring to know that he was able to have such accuracy without all the technology we have today. Most important, though, is his law of refraction. This is used in modern day for many practical applications such as making glasses for people to wear. Because glass bends light is it important to know the index of refraction and the angle that the light will bend so that the person wearing the glasses can see clearly. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/produc/refractometer.htm<br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=18826 2015-12-06T03:09:15Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>Made by Viktoria Domashchenko Q03<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Willebrord Snell, also known as Willebrordus Snellius or Willebrord Snel van Royen, was born in the late 1500s. Although the exact year of birth is unknown it is most commonly given as 1581. He was the son of Rudolph Snellius who was a mathematics professor at the University of Leiden, in Germany. Although Snell did not go to school, his dad taught him much about science and mathematics while he was growing up. Willebrord Snell was accepted into college where he pursued a law career due to his father's wishes but continued studying and teaching math in place of his father when he was not able to do so himself. <br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=18721 2015-12-06T02:58:25Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>claimed by Viktoria D.<br /> <br /> <br /> Short Description of Topic<br /> <br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=File:Willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg&diff=18701 2015-12-06T02:57:13Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=18693 2015-12-06T02:56:39Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>claimed by Viktoria D.<br /> <br /> <br /> Short Description of Topic<br /> [[File:willebrord-snell-2_vdomashchenko3.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> The Law of Refraction, also known as Snell's Law is used for determining the angle that a ray of light will bend away from the normal when it goes from one medium to another. <br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Modern Day Applications==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=18618 2015-12-06T02:49:55Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>claimed by Viktoria D.<br /> <br /> <br /> Short Description of Topic<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br /> <br /> ==Main Contributions==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===Law of Refraction===<br /> <br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example &lt;math&gt;{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}&lt;/math&gt; where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br /> <br /> ===Computing Pi===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ===Earth's Radius Calculation===<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=14197 2015-12-05T15:28:52Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>claimed by Viktoria D.<br /> <br /> <br /> Short Description of Topic<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br /> <br /> ==The Main Idea==<br /> <br /> State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br /> Electric Field of Capacitor<br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> <br /> What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example &lt;math&gt;{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}&lt;/math&gt; where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br /> <br /> ===A Computational Model===<br /> <br /> How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> #How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br /> #How is it connected to your major?<br /> #Is there an interesting industrial application?<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br /> <br /> [[Category: Notable Scientists]]</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Willebrord_Snell&diff=14195 2015-12-05T15:28:09Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: Created page with &quot;claimed by Viktoria D.&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>claimed by Viktoria D.</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=14194 2015-12-05T15:27:45Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: /* Notable Scientists */</p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC__<br /> Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br /> <br /> Looking to make a contribution?<br /> #Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br /> #Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br /> #Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br /> <br /> Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br /> <br /> == Source Material ==<br /> All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br /> * A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br /> * A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br /> * The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br /> * An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br /> * Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br /> * OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br /> * The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br /> * A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br /> <br /> == Organizing Categories ==<br /> These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ===Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Kinds of Matter]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]<br /> *[[Detecting Interactions]]<br /> *[[Escape Velocity]]<br /> *[[Fundamental Interactions]]<br /> *[[Determinism]]<br /> *[[System &amp; Surroundings]] <br /> *[[Free Body Diagram]]<br /> *[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Force]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Charge]]<br /> *[[Terminal Speed]]<br /> *[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]<br /> *[[Speed and Velocity]]<br /> *[[Electric Polarization]]<br /> *[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]<br /> *[[2-Dimensional Motion]]<br /> *[[Center of Mass]]<br /> *[[Reaction Time]]<br /> *[[Time Dilation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Modeling with VPython===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[VPython]]<br /> *[[VPython basics]]<br /> *[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]<br /> *[[VPython Functions]]<br /> *[[VPython Lists]]<br /> *[[VPython Multithreading]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Theory===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]<br /> *[[Quantum Theory]]<br /> *[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]<br /> *[[Atomic Theory]]<br /> *[[String Theory]]<br /> *[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]<br /> *[[Law of Gravitation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Notable Scientists===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]<br /> *[[Christian Doppler]]<br /> *[[Albert Einstein]]<br /> *[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br /> *[[Joseph Henry]]<br /> *[[Michael Faraday]]<br /> *[[J.J. Thomson]]<br /> *[[James Maxwell]]<br /> *[[Robert Hooke]]<br /> *[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br /> *[[Nikola Tesla]]<br /> *[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br /> *[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br /> *[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br /> *[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br /> *[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br /> *[[Enrico Fermi]]<br /> *[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br /> *[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br /> *[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br /> *[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br /> *[[Niels Bohr]]<br /> *[[Georg Ohm]]<br /> *[[Galileo Galilei]]<br /> *[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br /> *[[Max Planck]]<br /> *[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br /> *[[Edwin Hall]]<br /> *[[James Watt]]<br /> *[[Count Alessandro Volta]]<br /> *[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]<br /> *[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]<br /> *[[Sir David Brewster]]<br /> *[[Daniel Bernoulli]]<br /> *[[William Thomson]]<br /> *[[Leonhard Euler]]<br /> *[[Robert Fox Bacher]]<br /> *[[Stephen Hawking]]<br /> *[[Amedeo Avogadro]]<br /> *[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]<br /> *[[Pierre Laplace]]<br /> *[[Thomas Edison]]<br /> *[[Hendrik Lorentz]]<br /> *[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]<br /> *[[Lise Meitner]]<br /> *[[Lisa Randall]]<br /> *[[Felix Savart]]<br /> *[[Heinrich Lenz]]<br /> *[[Max Born]]<br /> *[[Archimedes]]<br /> *[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]<br /> *[[Carl Sagan]]<br /> *[[Eugene Wigner]]<br /> *[[Marie Curie]]<br /> *[[Pierre Curie]]<br /> *[[Werner Heisenberg]]<br /> *[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]<br /> *[[Louis de Broglie]]<br /> *[[Aristotle]]<br /> *[[Émilie du Châtelet]]<br /> *[[Blaise Pascal]]<br /> *[[Benjamin Franklin]]<br /> *[[James Chadwick]]<br /> *[[Henry Cavendish]]<br /> *[[Thomas Young]]<br /> *[[James Prescott Joule]]<br /> *[[John Bardeen]]<br /> *[[Leo Baekeland]]<br /> *[[Alhazen]]<br /> *[[Willebrord Snell]]<br /> *[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]<br /> *[[Johannes Kepler]]<br /> *[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]<br /> *[[Philipp Lenard]]<br /> *[[Robert A. Millikan]]<br /> *[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]<br /> *[[Guglielmo Marconi]]<br /> *[[William Lawrence Bragg]]<br /> *[[Robert Goddard]]<br /> *[[Léon Foucault]]<br /> *[[Henri Poincaré]]<br /> *[[Steven Weinberg]]<br /> *[[Arthur Compton]]<br /> *[[Pythagoras of Samos]]<br /> *[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]<br /> *[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]<br /> *[[Edmond Becquerel]]<br /> *[[Joseph Rotblat]]<br /> *[[Carl David Anderson]]<br /> *[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Properties of Matter===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Mass]]<br /> *[[Velocity]]<br /> *[[Relative Velocity]]<br /> *[[Density]]<br /> *[[Charge]]<br /> *[[Spin]]<br /> *[[SI Units]]<br /> *[[Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat]]<br /> *[[Wavelength]]<br /> *[[Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Malleability]]<br /> *[[Weight]]<br /> *[[Boiling Point]]<br /> *[[Melting Point]]<br /> *[[Inertia]]<br /> *[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]<br /> *[[Ferrofluids]]<br /> *[[Color]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Contact Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Young's Modulus]]<br /> * [[Friction]]<br /> * [[Tension]]<br /> * [[Hooke's Law]]<br /> *[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br /> *[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br /> * [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br /> * [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]<br /> * [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Vectors]]<br /> * [[Kinematics]]<br /> * [[Conservation of Momentum]]<br /> * [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br /> * [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Impulse Momentum]]<br /> * [[Curving Motion]]<br /> * [[Projectile Motion]]<br /> * [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br /> * [[Iterative Prediction]]<br /> * [[Analytical Prediction]]<br /> * [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]<br /> * [[Net Force]]<br /> * [[Center of Mass]]<br /> * [[Momentum at High Speeds]]<br /> * [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]<br /> * [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Angular Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br /> * [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]<br /> * [[Rotation]]<br /> * [[Torque]]<br /> * [[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br /> * [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br /> * [[Torque vs Work]]<br /> * [[Angular Impulse]]<br /> * [[Right Hand Rule]]<br /> * [[Angular Velocity]]<br /> * [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]<br /> * [[Translational Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]<br /> * [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[Total Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[Gyroscopes]]<br /> * [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Energy===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[The Photoelectric Effect]]<br /> *[[Photons]]<br /> *[[The Energy Principle]]<br /> *[[Predicting Change]]<br /> *[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br /> *[[Kinetic Energy]]<br /> *[[Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]<br /> *[[Work]]<br /> **[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]<br /> *[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]<br /> *[[Thermal Energy]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Point Particle Systems]]<br /> *[[Real Systems]]<br /> *[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model]]<br /> *[[Internal Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]<br /> *[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br /> *[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br /> *[[Power (Mechanical)]]<br /> *[[Transformation of Energy]]<br /> <br /> *[[Energy Graphs]]<br /> **[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]<br /> *[[Air Resistance]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels]]<br /> *[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]<br /> *[[Energy Density]]<br /> *[[Bohr Model]]<br /> *[[Quantized energy levels]]<br /> **[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]<br /> *[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Collisions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Collisions]] <br /> Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on. <br /> *[[Elastic Collisions]]<br /> A collision is deemed &quot;elastic&quot; when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.<br /> *[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br /> A collision is said to be &quot;inelastic&quot; when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.<br /> *[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]] <br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br /> *[[Frame of Reference]]<br /> *[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]<br /> *[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Coefficient of Restitution]]<br /> *[[testing123]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fields===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Electric Field]] of a<br /> ** [[Point Charge]]<br /> ** [[Electric Dipole]]<br /> ** [[Capacitor]]<br /> ** [[Charged Rod]]<br /> ** [[Charged Ring]]<br /> ** [[Charged Disk]]<br /> ** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br /> ** [[Charged Cylinder]]<br /> ** [[Charge Density]]<br /> **[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br /> *[[Superposition Principle]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]] <br /> **[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br /> **[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]<br /> ** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Polarization]]<br /> **[[Polarization of an Atom]]<br /> *[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br /> *[[Charge Transfer]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br /> **[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]<br /> **[[Bar Magnet]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]<br /> ***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Torque]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> **[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]<br /> *[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br /> **[[Hall Effect]]<br /> **[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> **[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br /> **[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br /> **[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Sparks in Air]]<br /> **[[Motional Emf]]<br /> **[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Moving Point Charge]]<br /> **[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br /> **[[Motors and Generators]]<br /> **[[Solenoid Applications]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Simple Circuits===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Components]]<br /> *[[Steady State]]<br /> *[[Non Steady State]]<br /> *[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]<br /> *[[Thin and Thick Wires]]<br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> *[[Loop Rule]]<br /> *[[Resistivity]]<br /> *[[Power in a circuit]]<br /> *[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br /> *[[Current]]<br /> **[[AC]]<br /> *[[Ohm's Law]]<br /> *[[Series Circuits]]<br /> *[[Parallel Circuits]]<br /> *[[RC]]<br /> *[[AC vs DC]]<br /> *[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]<br /> *[[Current in a RC circuit]]<br /> *[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br /> *[[Current in a RL Circuit]]<br /> *[[RL Circuit]]<br /> *[[Feedback]]<br /> *[[Transformers (Circuits)]]<br /> *[[Resistors and Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Semiconductor Devices]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Maxwell's Equations===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br /> **[[Electric Fields]]<br /> ***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Fields]]<br /> *[[Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> *[[Faraday's Law]]<br /> **[[Curly Electric Fields]]<br /> **[[Inductance]]<br /> ***[[Transformers (Physics)]]<br /> ***[[Energy Density]]<br /> **[[Lenz's Law]]<br /> ***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br /> **[[Lenz's Rule]]<br /> **[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]<br /> *[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br /> *[[Superconductors]]<br /> **[[Meissner effect]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Radiation===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br /> *[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br /> **[[Poynting Vector]]<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br /> **[[Wavelength and Frequency]]<br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]<br /> *[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]<br /> *[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]<br /> *[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]<br /> *[[Cherenkov Radiation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sound===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Doppler Effect]]<br /> *[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]<br /> *[[Resonance]]<br /> *[[Sound Barrier]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Waves===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Bragg's Law]]<br /> *[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]<br /> *[[Standing waves]]<br /> *[[Gravitational waves]]<br /> *[[Plasma waves]]<br /> *[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]<br /> *[[Color Light Wave]]<br /> *[[Mechanical Waves]]<br /> *[[Pendulum Motion]]<br /> *[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]<br /> *[[Planck's Relation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]<br /> *[[Maglev Trains]]<br /> *[[Spark Plugs]]<br /> *[[Metal Detectors]]<br /> *[[Speakers]]<br /> *[[Radios]]<br /> *[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]<br /> *[[Electrocytes]]<br /> *[[Generator]]<br /> *[[Measuring Water Level]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Optics===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Mirrors]]<br /> *[[Refraction]]<br /> *[[Quantum Properties of Light]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Resources ==<br /> * Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br /> * A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br /> * A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br /> * A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=14191 2015-12-05T15:25:46Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: /* Notable Scientists */</p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC__<br /> Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br /> <br /> Looking to make a contribution?<br /> #Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br /> #Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br /> #Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br /> <br /> Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br /> <br /> == Source Material ==<br /> All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br /> * A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br /> * A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br /> * The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br /> * An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br /> * Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br /> * OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br /> * The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br /> * A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br /> <br /> == Organizing Categories ==<br /> These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ===Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Kinds of Matter]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]<br /> *[[Detecting Interactions]]<br /> *[[Escape Velocity]]<br /> *[[Fundamental Interactions]]<br /> *[[Determinism]]<br /> *[[System &amp; Surroundings]] <br /> *[[Free Body Diagram]]<br /> *[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Force]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Charge]]<br /> *[[Terminal Speed]]<br /> *[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]<br /> *[[Speed and Velocity]]<br /> *[[Electric Polarization]]<br /> *[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]<br /> *[[2-Dimensional Motion]]<br /> *[[Center of Mass]]<br /> *[[Reaction Time]]<br /> *[[Time Dilation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Modeling with VPython===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[VPython]]<br /> *[[VPython basics]]<br /> *[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]<br /> *[[VPython Functions]]<br /> *[[VPython Lists]]<br /> *[[VPython Multithreading]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Theory===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]<br /> *[[Quantum Theory]]<br /> *[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]<br /> *[[Atomic Theory]]<br /> *[[String Theory]]<br /> *[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]<br /> *[[Law of Gravitation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Notable Scientists===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]<br /> *[[Christian Doppler]]<br /> *[[Albert Einstein]]<br /> *[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br /> *[[Joseph Henry]]<br /> *[[Michael Faraday]]<br /> *[[J.J. Thomson]]<br /> *[[James Maxwell]]<br /> *[[Robert Hooke]]<br /> *[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br /> *[[Nikola Tesla]]<br /> *[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br /> *[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br /> *[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br /> *[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br /> *[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br /> *[[Enrico Fermi]]<br /> *[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br /> *[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br /> *[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br /> *[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br /> *[[Niels Bohr]]<br /> *[[Georg Ohm]]<br /> *[[Galileo Galilei]]<br /> *[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br /> *[[Max Planck]]<br /> *[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br /> *[[Edwin Hall]]<br /> *[[James Watt]]<br /> *[[Count Alessandro Volta]]<br /> *[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]<br /> *[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]<br /> *[[Sir David Brewster]]<br /> *[[Daniel Bernoulli]]<br /> *[[William Thomson]]<br /> *[[Leonhard Euler]]<br /> *[[Robert Fox Bacher]]<br /> *[[Stephen Hawking]]<br /> *[[Amedeo Avogadro]]<br /> *[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]<br /> *[[Pierre Laplace]]<br /> *[[Thomas Edison]]<br /> *[[Hendrik Lorentz]]<br /> *[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]<br /> *[[Lise Meitner]]<br /> *[[Lisa Randall]]<br /> *[[Felix Savart]]<br /> *[[Heinrich Lenz]]<br /> *[[Max Born]]<br /> *[[Archimedes]]<br /> *[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]<br /> *[[Carl Sagan]]<br /> *[[Eugene Wigner]]<br /> *[[Marie Curie]]<br /> *[[Pierre Curie]]<br /> *[[Werner Heisenberg]]<br /> *[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]<br /> *[[Louis de Broglie]]<br /> *[[Aristotle]]<br /> *[[Émilie du Châtelet]]<br /> *[[Blaise Pascal]]<br /> *[[Benjamin Franklin]]<br /> *[[James Chadwick]]<br /> *[[Henry Cavendish]]<br /> *[[Thomas Young]]<br /> *[[James Prescott Joule]]<br /> *[[John Bardeen]]<br /> *[[Leo Baekeland]]<br /> *[[Alhazen]]<br /> *[[Willebrod Snell]]<br /> *[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]<br /> *[[Johannes Kepler]]<br /> *[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]<br /> *[[Philipp Lenard]]<br /> *[[Robert A. Millikan]]<br /> *[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]<br /> *[[Guglielmo Marconi]]<br /> *[[William Lawrence Bragg]]<br /> *[[Robert Goddard]]<br /> *[[Léon Foucault]]<br /> *[[Henri Poincaré]]<br /> *[[Steven Weinberg]]<br /> *[[Arthur Compton]]<br /> *[[Pythagoras of Samos]]<br /> *[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]<br /> *[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]<br /> *[[Edmond Becquerel]]<br /> *[[Joseph Rotblat]]<br /> *[[Carl David Anderson]]<br /> *[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Properties of Matter===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Mass]]<br /> *[[Velocity]]<br /> *[[Relative Velocity]]<br /> *[[Density]]<br /> *[[Charge]]<br /> *[[Spin]]<br /> *[[SI Units]]<br /> *[[Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat]]<br /> *[[Wavelength]]<br /> *[[Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Malleability]]<br /> *[[Weight]]<br /> *[[Boiling Point]]<br /> *[[Melting Point]]<br /> *[[Inertia]]<br /> *[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]<br /> *[[Ferrofluids]]<br /> *[[Color]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Contact Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Young's Modulus]]<br /> * [[Friction]]<br /> * [[Tension]]<br /> * [[Hooke's Law]]<br /> *[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br /> *[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br /> * [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br /> * [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]<br /> * [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Vectors]]<br /> * [[Kinematics]]<br /> * [[Conservation of Momentum]]<br /> * [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br /> * [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Impulse Momentum]]<br /> * [[Curving Motion]]<br /> * [[Projectile Motion]]<br /> * [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br /> * [[Iterative Prediction]]<br /> * [[Analytical Prediction]]<br /> * [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]<br /> * [[Net Force]]<br /> * [[Center of Mass]]<br /> * [[Momentum at High Speeds]]<br /> * [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]<br /> * [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Angular Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br /> * [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]<br /> * [[Rotation]]<br /> * [[Torque]]<br /> * [[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br /> * [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br /> * [[Torque vs Work]]<br /> * [[Angular Impulse]]<br /> * [[Right Hand Rule]]<br /> * [[Angular Velocity]]<br /> * [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]<br /> * [[Translational Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]<br /> * [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[Total Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[Gyroscopes]]<br /> * [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Energy===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[The Photoelectric Effect]]<br /> *[[Photons]]<br /> *[[The Energy Principle]]<br /> *[[Predicting Change]]<br /> *[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br /> *[[Kinetic Energy]]<br /> *[[Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]<br /> *[[Work]]<br /> **[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]<br /> *[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]<br /> *[[Thermal Energy]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Point Particle Systems]]<br /> *[[Real Systems]]<br /> *[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model]]<br /> *[[Internal Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]<br /> *[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br /> *[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br /> *[[Power (Mechanical)]]<br /> *[[Transformation of Energy]]<br /> <br /> *[[Energy Graphs]]<br /> **[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]<br /> *[[Air Resistance]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels]]<br /> *[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]<br /> *[[Energy Density]]<br /> *[[Bohr Model]]<br /> *[[Quantized energy levels]]<br /> **[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]<br /> *[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Collisions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Collisions]] <br /> Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on. <br /> *[[Elastic Collisions]]<br /> A collision is deemed &quot;elastic&quot; when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.<br /> *[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br /> A collision is said to be &quot;inelastic&quot; when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.<br /> *[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]] <br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br /> *[[Frame of Reference]]<br /> *[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]<br /> *[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Coefficient of Restitution]]<br /> *[[testing123]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fields===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Electric Field]] of a<br /> ** [[Point Charge]]<br /> ** [[Electric Dipole]]<br /> ** [[Capacitor]]<br /> ** [[Charged Rod]]<br /> ** [[Charged Ring]]<br /> ** [[Charged Disk]]<br /> ** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br /> ** [[Charged Cylinder]]<br /> ** [[Charge Density]]<br /> **[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br /> *[[Superposition Principle]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]] <br /> **[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br /> **[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]<br /> ** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Polarization]]<br /> **[[Polarization of an Atom]]<br /> *[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br /> *[[Charge Transfer]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br /> **[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]<br /> **[[Bar Magnet]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]<br /> ***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Torque]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> **[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]<br /> *[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br /> **[[Hall Effect]]<br /> **[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> **[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br /> **[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br /> **[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Sparks in Air]]<br /> **[[Motional Emf]]<br /> **[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Moving Point Charge]]<br /> **[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br /> **[[Motors and Generators]]<br /> **[[Solenoid Applications]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Simple Circuits===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Components]]<br /> *[[Steady State]]<br /> *[[Non Steady State]]<br /> *[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]<br /> *[[Thin and Thick Wires]]<br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> *[[Loop Rule]]<br /> *[[Resistivity]]<br /> *[[Power in a circuit]]<br /> *[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br /> *[[Current]]<br /> **[[AC]]<br /> *[[Ohm's Law]]<br /> *[[Series Circuits]]<br /> *[[Parallel Circuits]]<br /> *[[RC]]<br /> *[[AC vs DC]]<br /> *[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]<br /> *[[Current in a RC circuit]]<br /> *[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br /> *[[Current in a RL Circuit]]<br /> *[[RL Circuit]]<br /> *[[Feedback]]<br /> *[[Transformers (Circuits)]]<br /> *[[Resistors and Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Semiconductor Devices]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Maxwell's Equations===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br /> **[[Electric Fields]]<br /> ***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Fields]]<br /> *[[Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> *[[Faraday's Law]]<br /> **[[Curly Electric Fields]]<br /> **[[Inductance]]<br /> ***[[Transformers (Physics)]]<br /> ***[[Energy Density]]<br /> **[[Lenz's Law]]<br /> ***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br /> **[[Lenz's Rule]]<br /> **[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]<br /> *[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br /> *[[Superconductors]]<br /> **[[Meissner effect]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Radiation===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br /> *[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br /> **[[Poynting Vector]]<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br /> **[[Wavelength and Frequency]]<br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]<br /> *[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]<br /> *[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]<br /> *[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]<br /> *[[Cherenkov Radiation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sound===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Doppler Effect]]<br /> *[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]<br /> *[[Resonance]]<br /> *[[Sound Barrier]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Waves===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Bragg's Law]]<br /> *[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]<br /> *[[Standing waves]]<br /> *[[Gravitational waves]]<br /> *[[Plasma waves]]<br /> *[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]<br /> *[[Color Light Wave]]<br /> *[[Mechanical Waves]]<br /> *[[Pendulum Motion]]<br /> *[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]<br /> *[[Planck's Relation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]<br /> *[[Maglev Trains]]<br /> *[[Spark Plugs]]<br /> *[[Metal Detectors]]<br /> *[[Speakers]]<br /> *[[Radios]]<br /> *[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]<br /> *[[Electrocytes]]<br /> *[[Generator]]<br /> *[[Measuring Water Level]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Optics===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Mirrors]]<br /> *[[Refraction]]<br /> *[[Quantum Properties of Light]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Resources ==<br /> * Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br /> * A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br /> * A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br /> * A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=14190 2015-12-05T15:25:16Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: /* Notable Scientists */</p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC__<br /> Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br /> <br /> Looking to make a contribution?<br /> #Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br /> #Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br /> #Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br /> <br /> Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br /> <br /> == Source Material ==<br /> All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br /> * A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br /> * A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br /> * The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br /> * An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br /> * Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br /> * OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br /> * The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br /> * A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br /> <br /> == Organizing Categories ==<br /> These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ===Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Kinds of Matter]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]<br /> *[[Detecting Interactions]]<br /> *[[Escape Velocity]]<br /> *[[Fundamental Interactions]]<br /> *[[Determinism]]<br /> *[[System &amp; Surroundings]] <br /> *[[Free Body Diagram]]<br /> *[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Force]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Charge]]<br /> *[[Terminal Speed]]<br /> *[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]<br /> *[[Speed and Velocity]]<br /> *[[Electric Polarization]]<br /> *[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]<br /> *[[2-Dimensional Motion]]<br /> *[[Center of Mass]]<br /> *[[Reaction Time]]<br /> *[[Time Dilation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Modeling with VPython===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[VPython]]<br /> *[[VPython basics]]<br /> *[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]<br /> *[[VPython Functions]]<br /> *[[VPython Lists]]<br /> *[[VPython Multithreading]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Theory===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]<br /> *[[Quantum Theory]]<br /> *[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]<br /> *[[Atomic Theory]]<br /> *[[String Theory]]<br /> *[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]<br /> *[[Law of Gravitation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Notable Scientists===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]<br /> *[[Christian Doppler]]<br /> *[[Albert Einstein]]<br /> *[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br /> *[[Joseph Henry]]<br /> *[[Michael Faraday]]<br /> *[[J.J. Thomson]]<br /> *[[James Maxwell]]<br /> *[[Robert Hooke]]<br /> *[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br /> *[[Nikola Tesla]]<br /> *[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br /> *[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br /> *[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br /> *[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br /> *[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br /> *[[Enrico Fermi]]<br /> *[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br /> *[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br /> *[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br /> *[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br /> *[[Niels Bohr]]<br /> *[[Georg Ohm]]<br /> *[[Galileo Galilei]]<br /> *[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br /> *[[Max Planck]]<br /> *[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br /> *[[Edwin Hall]]<br /> *[[James Watt]]<br /> *[[Count Alessandro Volta]]<br /> *[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]<br /> *[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]<br /> *[[Sir David Brewster]]<br /> *[[Daniel Bernoulli]]<br /> *[[William Thomson]]<br /> *[[Leonhard Euler]]<br /> *[[Robert Fox Bacher]]<br /> *[[Stephen Hawking]]<br /> *[[Amedeo Avogadro]]<br /> *[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]<br /> *[[Pierre Laplace]]<br /> *[[Thomas Edison]]<br /> *[[Hendrik Lorentz]]<br /> *[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]<br /> *[[Lise Meitner]]<br /> *[[Lisa Randall]]<br /> *[[Felix Savart]]<br /> *[[Heinrich Lenz]]<br /> *[[Max Born]]<br /> *[[Archimedes]]<br /> *[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]<br /> *[[Carl Sagan]]<br /> *[[Eugene Wigner]]<br /> *[[Marie Curie]]<br /> *[[Pierre Curie]]<br /> *[[Werner Heisenberg]]<br /> *[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]<br /> *[[Louis de Broglie]]<br /> *[[Aristotle]]<br /> *[[Émilie du Châtelet]]<br /> *[[Blaise Pascal]]<br /> *[[Benjamin Franklin]]<br /> *[[James Chadwick]]<br /> *[[Henry Cavendish]]<br /> *[[Thomas Young]]<br /> *[[James Prescott Joule]]<br /> *[[John Bardeen]]<br /> *[[Leo Baekeland]]<br /> *[[Alhazen]]<br /> *[[Willebrord Snell]]<br /> *[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]<br /> *[[Johannes Kepler]]<br /> *[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]<br /> *[[Philipp Lenard]]<br /> *[[Robert A. Millikan]]<br /> *[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]<br /> *[[Guglielmo Marconi]]<br /> *[[William Lawrence Bragg]]<br /> *[[Robert Goddard]]<br /> *[[Léon Foucault]]<br /> *[[Henri Poincaré]]<br /> *[[Steven Weinberg]]<br /> *[[Arthur Compton]]<br /> *[[Pythagoras of Samos]]<br /> *[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]<br /> *[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]<br /> *[[Edmond Becquerel]]<br /> *[[Joseph Rotblat]]<br /> *[[Carl David Anderson]]<br /> *[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Properties of Matter===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Mass]]<br /> *[[Velocity]]<br /> *[[Relative Velocity]]<br /> *[[Density]]<br /> *[[Charge]]<br /> *[[Spin]]<br /> *[[SI Units]]<br /> *[[Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat]]<br /> *[[Wavelength]]<br /> *[[Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Malleability]]<br /> *[[Weight]]<br /> *[[Boiling Point]]<br /> *[[Melting Point]]<br /> *[[Inertia]]<br /> *[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]<br /> *[[Ferrofluids]]<br /> *[[Color]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Contact Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Young's Modulus]]<br /> * [[Friction]]<br /> * [[Tension]]<br /> * [[Hooke's Law]]<br /> *[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br /> *[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br /> * [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br /> * [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]<br /> * [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Vectors]]<br /> * [[Kinematics]]<br /> * [[Conservation of Momentum]]<br /> * [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br /> * [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Impulse Momentum]]<br /> * [[Curving Motion]]<br /> * [[Projectile Motion]]<br /> * [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br /> * [[Iterative Prediction]]<br /> * [[Analytical Prediction]]<br /> * [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]<br /> * [[Net Force]]<br /> * [[Center of Mass]]<br /> * [[Momentum at High Speeds]]<br /> * [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]<br /> * [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Angular Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br /> * [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]<br /> * [[Rotation]]<br /> * [[Torque]]<br /> * [[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br /> * [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br /> * [[Torque vs Work]]<br /> * [[Angular Impulse]]<br /> * [[Right Hand Rule]]<br /> * [[Angular Velocity]]<br /> * [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]<br /> * [[Translational Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]<br /> * [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[Total Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[Gyroscopes]]<br /> * [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Energy===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[The Photoelectric Effect]]<br /> *[[Photons]]<br /> *[[The Energy Principle]]<br /> *[[Predicting Change]]<br /> *[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br /> *[[Kinetic Energy]]<br /> *[[Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]<br /> *[[Work]]<br /> **[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]<br /> *[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]<br /> *[[Thermal Energy]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Point Particle Systems]]<br /> *[[Real Systems]]<br /> *[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model]]<br /> *[[Internal Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]<br /> *[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br /> *[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br /> *[[Power (Mechanical)]]<br /> *[[Transformation of Energy]]<br /> <br /> *[[Energy Graphs]]<br /> **[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]<br /> *[[Air Resistance]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels]]<br /> *[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]<br /> *[[Energy Density]]<br /> *[[Bohr Model]]<br /> *[[Quantized energy levels]]<br /> **[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]<br /> *[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Collisions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Collisions]] <br /> Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on. <br /> *[[Elastic Collisions]]<br /> A collision is deemed &quot;elastic&quot; when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.<br /> *[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br /> A collision is said to be &quot;inelastic&quot; when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.<br /> *[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]] <br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br /> *[[Frame of Reference]]<br /> *[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]<br /> *[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Coefficient of Restitution]]<br /> *[[testing123]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fields===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Electric Field]] of a<br /> ** [[Point Charge]]<br /> ** [[Electric Dipole]]<br /> ** [[Capacitor]]<br /> ** [[Charged Rod]]<br /> ** [[Charged Ring]]<br /> ** [[Charged Disk]]<br /> ** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br /> ** [[Charged Cylinder]]<br /> ** [[Charge Density]]<br /> **[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br /> *[[Superposition Principle]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]] <br /> **[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br /> **[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]<br /> ** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Polarization]]<br /> **[[Polarization of an Atom]]<br /> *[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br /> *[[Charge Transfer]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br /> **[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]<br /> **[[Bar Magnet]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]<br /> ***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Torque]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> **[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]<br /> *[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br /> **[[Hall Effect]]<br /> **[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> **[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br /> **[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br /> **[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Sparks in Air]]<br /> **[[Motional Emf]]<br /> **[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Moving Point Charge]]<br /> **[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br /> **[[Motors and Generators]]<br /> **[[Solenoid Applications]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Simple Circuits===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Components]]<br /> *[[Steady State]]<br /> *[[Non Steady State]]<br /> *[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]<br /> *[[Thin and Thick Wires]]<br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> *[[Loop Rule]]<br /> *[[Resistivity]]<br /> *[[Power in a circuit]]<br /> *[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br /> *[[Current]]<br /> **[[AC]]<br /> *[[Ohm's Law]]<br /> *[[Series Circuits]]<br /> *[[Parallel Circuits]]<br /> *[[RC]]<br /> *[[AC vs DC]]<br /> *[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]<br /> *[[Current in a RC circuit]]<br /> *[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br /> *[[Current in a RL Circuit]]<br /> *[[RL Circuit]]<br /> *[[Feedback]]<br /> *[[Transformers (Circuits)]]<br /> *[[Resistors and Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Semiconductor Devices]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Maxwell's Equations===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br /> **[[Electric Fields]]<br /> ***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Fields]]<br /> *[[Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> *[[Faraday's Law]]<br /> **[[Curly Electric Fields]]<br /> **[[Inductance]]<br /> ***[[Transformers (Physics)]]<br /> ***[[Energy Density]]<br /> **[[Lenz's Law]]<br /> ***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br /> **[[Lenz's Rule]]<br /> **[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]<br /> *[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br /> *[[Superconductors]]<br /> **[[Meissner effect]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Radiation===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br /> *[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br /> **[[Poynting Vector]]<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br /> **[[Wavelength and Frequency]]<br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]<br /> *[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]<br /> *[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]<br /> *[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]<br /> *[[Cherenkov Radiation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sound===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Doppler Effect]]<br /> *[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]<br /> *[[Resonance]]<br /> *[[Sound Barrier]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Waves===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Bragg's Law]]<br /> *[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]<br /> *[[Standing waves]]<br /> *[[Gravitational waves]]<br /> *[[Plasma waves]]<br /> *[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]<br /> *[[Color Light Wave]]<br /> *[[Mechanical Waves]]<br /> *[[Pendulum Motion]]<br /> *[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]<br /> *[[Planck's Relation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]<br /> *[[Maglev Trains]]<br /> *[[Spark Plugs]]<br /> *[[Metal Detectors]]<br /> *[[Speakers]]<br /> *[[Radios]]<br /> *[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]<br /> *[[Electrocytes]]<br /> *[[Generator]]<br /> *[[Measuring Water Level]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Optics===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Mirrors]]<br /> *[[Refraction]]<br /> *[[Quantum Properties of Light]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Resources ==<br /> * Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br /> * A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br /> * A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br /> * A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations</div>

Vdomashchenko3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=9136 2015-12-03T02:54:39Z

<p>Vdomashchenko3: </p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC__<br /> Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br /> <br /> Looking to make a contribution?<br /> #Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br /> #Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br /> #Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br /> <br /> Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br /> <br /> == Source Material ==<br /> All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br /> * A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br /> * A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br /> * The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br /> * An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br /> * Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br /> * OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br /> * The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br /> * A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br /> <br /> == Organizing Categories ==<br /> These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ===Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Kinds of Matter]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]<br /> *[[Detecting Interactions]]<br /> *[[Fundamental Interactions]]<br /> *[[Determinism]]<br /> *[[System &amp; Surroundings]] <br /> *[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Force]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Charge]]<br /> *[[Terminal Speed]]<br /> *[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]<br /> *[[Speed and Velocity]]<br /> *[[Electric Polarization]]<br /> *[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]<br /> *[[2-Dimensional Motion]]<br /> *[[Center of Mass]]<br /> *[[Reaction Time]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Theory===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br /> *[[Quantum Theory]]<br /> *[[Big Bang Theory]]<br /> *[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]<br /> *[[Atomic Theory]]<br /> *[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br /> *[[String Theory]]<br /> *[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Notable Scientists===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Christian Doppler]]<br /> *[[Albert Einstein]]<br /> *[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br /> *[[Joseph Henry]]<br /> *[[Michael Faraday]]<br /> *[[J.J. Thomson]]<br /> *[[James Maxwell]]<br /> *[[Robert Hooke]]<br /> *[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br /> *[[Nikola Tesla]]<br /> *[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br /> *[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br /> *[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br /> *[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br /> *[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br /> *[[Erwin Schrödinger]]<br /> *[[Enrico Fermi]]<br /> *[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br /> *[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br /> *[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br /> *[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br /> *[[Niels Bohr]]<br /> *[[Georg Ohm]]<br /> *[[Galileo Galilei]]<br /> *[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br /> *[[Max Planck]]<br /> *[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br /> *[[Edwin Hall]]<br /> *[[James Watt]]<br /> *[[Count Alessandro Volta]]<br /> *[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]<br /> *[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]<br /> *[[Sir David Brewster]]<br /> *[[Daniel Bernoulli]]<br /> *[[William Thomson]]<br /> *[[Leonhard Euler]]<br /> *[[Robert Fox Bacher]]<br /> *[[Stephen Hawking]]<br /> *[[Amedeo Avogadro]]<br /> *[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]<br /> *[[Pierre Laplace]]<br /> *[[Thomas Edison]]<br /> *[[Hendrik Lorentz]]<br /> *[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]<br /> *[[Lise Meitner]]<br /> *[[Lisa Randall]]<br /> *[[Felix Savart]]<br /> *[[Heinrich Lenz]]<br /> *[[Max Born]]<br /> *[[Archimedes]]<br /> *[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]<br /> *[[Carl Sagan]]<br /> *[[Eugene Wigner]]<br /> *[[Marie Curie]]<br /> *[[Pierre Curie]]<br /> *[[Werner Heisenberg]]<br /> *[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]<br /> *[[Louis de Broglie]]<br /> *[[Aristotle]]<br /> *[[Émilie du Châtelet]]<br /> *[[Blaise Pascal]]<br /> *[[Benjamin Franklin]]<br /> *[[James Chadwick]]<br /> *[[Henry Cavendish]]<br /> *[[Thomas Young]]<br /> *[[James Prescott Joule]]<br /> *[[John Bardeen]]<br /> *[[Leo Baekeland]]<br /> *[[Alhazen]]<br /> *[[Willebrod Snell]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Properties of Matter===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Mass]]<br /> *[[Velocity]]<br /> *[[Relative Velocity]]<br /> *[[Density]]<br /> *[[Charge]]<br /> *[[Spin]]<br /> *[[SI Units]]<br /> *[[Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat]]<br /> *[[Wavelength]]<br /> *[[Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Malleability]]<br /> *[[Weight]]<br /> *[[Boiling Point]]<br /> *[[Melting Point]]<br /> *[[Higgs Boson]]<br /> *[[Inertia]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Contact Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Young's Modulus]]<br /> * [[Friction]]<br /> * [[Tension]]<br /> * [[Hooke's Law]]<br /> *[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br /> *[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br /> * [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br /> * [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]<br /> * [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Vectors]]<br /> * [[Kinematics]]<br /> * [[Conservation of Momentum]]<br /> * [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br /> * [[Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Impulse Momentum]]<br /> * [[Curving Motion]]<br /> * [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br /> * [[Iterative Prediction]]<br /> * [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]<br /> * [[Net Force]]<br /> * [[Center of Mass]]<br /> * [[Momentum at High Speeds]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Angular Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br /> * [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]<br /> * [[Rotation]]<br /> * [[Torque]]<br /> * [[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br /> * [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br /> * [[Right Hand Rule]]<br /> * [[Angular Velocity]]<br /> * [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]<br /> * [[Translational Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[Total Angular Momentum]]<br /> * [[Gyroscopes]]<br /> * [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Energy===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[The Photoelectric Effect]]<br /> *[[Photons]]<br /> *[[The Energy Principle]]<br /> *[[Predicting Change]]<br /> *[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br /> *[[Kinetic Energy]]<br /> *[[Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]<br /> *[[Work]]<br /> *[[Thermal Energy]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Point Particle Systems]]<br /> *[[Real Systems]]<br /> *[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br /> **[[Ball and Spring Model]]<br /> *[[Internal Energy]]<br /> **[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]<br /> *[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br /> *[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br /> *[[Power (Mechanical)]]<br /> *[[Transformation of Energy]]<br /> <br /> *[[Energy Graphs]]<br /> *[[Air Resistance]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels]]<br /> *[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]<br /> *[[Specific Heat Capacity]]<br /> *[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]<br /> *[[Energy Density]]<br /> *[[Bohr Model]]<br /> *[[Quantized energy levels]]<br /> *[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Collisions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Collisions]]<br /> *[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br /> *[[Elastic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br /> *[[Frame of Reference]]<br /> *[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fields===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Electric Field]] of a<br /> ** [[Point Charge]]<br /> ** [[Electric Dipole]]<br /> ** [[Capacitor]]<br /> ** [[Charged Rod]]<br /> ** [[Charged Ring]]<br /> ** [[Charged Disk]]<br /> ** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br /> ** [[Charged Cylinder]]<br /> **[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]] <br /> **[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br /> **[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]<br /> ** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Polarization]]<br /> **[[Polarization of an Atom]]<br /> *[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br /> *[[Charge Transfer]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br /> **[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]<br /> **[[Bar Magnet]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> *[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Torque]]<br /> **[[Hall Effect]]<br /> **[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> **[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br /> **[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br /> **[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Sparks in Air]]<br /> **[[Motional Emf]]<br /> **[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Moving Point Charge]]<br /> **[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br /> **[[Motors and Generators]]<br /> **[[Solenoid Applications]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Simple Circuits===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Components]]<br /> *[[Steady State]]<br /> *[[Non Steady State]]<br /> *[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]<br /> *[[Thin and Thick Wires]]<br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> *[[Loop Rule]]<br /> *[[Resistivity]]<br /> *[[Power in a circuit]]<br /> *[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br /> *[[Current]]<br /> **[[AC]]<br /> *[[Ohm's Law]]<br /> *[[Series Circuits]]<br /> *[[Parallel Circuits]]<br /> *[[RC]]<br /> *[[AC vs DC]]<br /> *[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]<br /> *[[Current in a RC circuit]]<br /> *[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br /> *[[RL Circuit]]<br /> *[[LC Circuit]]<br /> *[[Surface Charge Distributions]]<br /> *[[Feedback]]<br /> *[[Transformers (Circuits)]]<br /> *[[Resistors and Conductivity]]<br /> *[[Semiconductor Devices]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Maxwell's Equations===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br /> **[[Electric Fields]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Fields]]<br /> *[[Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]<br /> *[[Faraday's Law]]<br /> **[[Curly Electric Fields]]<br /> **[[Inductance]]<br /> ***[[Transformers from a physics standpoint]]<br /> ***[[Energy Density]]<br /> **[[Lenz's Law]]<br /> ***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br /> **[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]<br /> *[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br /> *[[Superconductors]]<br /> **[[Meissner effect]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Radiation===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br /> *[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br /> **[[Poynting Vector]]<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br /> **[[Wavelength and Frequency]]<br /> *[[Snell's Law]]<br /> *[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]<br /> *[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]<br /> *[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]<br /> *[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]<br /> *[[Cherenkov Radiation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sound===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Doppler Effect]]<br /> *[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]<br /> *[[Resonance]]<br /> *[[Sound Barrier]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Waves===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]<br /> *[[Standing waves]]<br /> *[[Gravitational waves]]<br /> *[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]<br /> *[[Maglev Trains]]<br /> *[[Spark Plugs]]<br /> *[[Metal Detectors]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Resources ==<br /> * Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br /> * A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br /> * A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br /> * An overview of [[VPython]], [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics beginner guide to VPython]</div>

Vdomashchenko3