http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Wrountree3 2026-04-20T21:24:39Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.42.7 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14793 2015-12-05T19:15:47Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> ===Simple Problem===<br /> The electron mobility in a certain metal is .02 (m/s)/(N/C). If the drift speed measured in the material is .001 m/s, what is the magnitude of the net electric field inside the metal? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> Use the equation relating drift speed, mobility, and electric field to solve this problem. <br /> E = v/μ = (.001(m/s))/(.02(m/s)/(N/C)) = .05 N/C<br /> <br /> ===Difficult Problem===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [[Electric Field]]<br /> <br /> [[Electric Force]]<br /> <br /> [[Polarization]]<br /> <br /> [[Charge Transfer]]<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/electrical_conduction.htm<br /> <br /> https://www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Electrical-Conductivity.html<br /> <br /> https://pfnicholls.com/physics/current.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14784 2015-12-05T19:13:55Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> ===Simple Problem===<br /> The electron mobility in a certain metal is .02 (m/s)/(N/C). If the drift speed measured in the material is .001 m/s, what is the magnitude of the net electric field inside the metal? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> Use the equation relating drift speed, mobility, and electric field to solve this problem. <br /> E = v/μ = (.001(m/s))/(.02(m/s)/(N/C)) = .05 N/C<br /> <br /> ===Difficult Problem===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [[Electric Field]]<br /> <br /> [[Electric Force]]<br /> <br /> [[Polarization]]<br /> <br /> [[Charge Transfer]]<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/electrical_conduction.htm<br /> <br /> https://www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Electrical-Conductivity.html<br /> <br /> https://pfnicholls.com/physics/current.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14780 2015-12-05T19:13:20Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> ===Simple Problem===<br /> The electron mobility in a certain metal is .02 (m/s)/(N/C). If the drift speed measured in the material is .001 m/s, what is the magnitude of the net electric field inside the metal? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> Use the equation relating drift speed, mobility, and electric field to solve this problem. <br /> E = v/μ = (.001(m/s))/(.02(m/s)/(N/C)) = .05 N/C<br /> <br /> ===Difficult Problem===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [[Electric Field]]<br /> <br /> [[Electric Force]]<br /> <br /> [[Polarization]]<br /> <br /> [[Charge Transfer]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/electrical_conduction.htm<br /> <br /> https://www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Electrical-Conductivity.html<br /> <br /> https://pfnicholls.com/physics/current.html<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14777 2015-12-05T19:12:56Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> ===Simple Problem===<br /> The electron mobility in a certain metal is .02 (m/s)/(N/C). If the drift speed measured in the material is .001 m/s, what is the magnitude of the net electric field inside the metal? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> Use the equation relating drift speed, mobility, and electric field to solve this problem. <br /> E = v/μ = (.001(m/s))/(.02(m/s)/(N/C)) = .05 N/C<br /> <br /> ===Difficult Problem===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [Electric Field]]<br /> <br /> [[Electric Force]]<br /> <br /> [[Polarization]]<br /> <br /> [[Charge Transfer]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/electrical_conduction.htm<br /> https://www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Electrical-Conductivity.html<br /> https://pfnicholls.com/physics/current.html<br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14774 2015-12-05T19:11:55Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> ===Simple Problem===<br /> The electron mobility in a certain metal is .02 (m/s)/(N/C). If the drift speed measured in the material is .001 m/s, what is the magnitude of the net electric field inside the metal? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> Use the equation relating drift speed, mobility, and electric field to solve this problem. <br /> E = v/μ = (.001(m/s))/(.02(m/s)/(N/C)) = .05 N/C<br /> <br /> ===Difficult Problem===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [Electric Field]]<br /> [[Electric Force]]<br /> [[Polarization]]<br /> [[Charge Transfer]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> www.sciencedaily.com/terms/electrical_conduction.htm<br /> www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Electrical-Conductivity.html<br /> pfnicholls.com/physics/current.html<br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14738 2015-12-05T19:03:45Z

<p>Wrountree3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> ===Simple Problem===<br /> The electron mobility in a certain metal is .02 (m/s)/(N/C). If the drift speed measured in the material is .001 m/s, what is the magnitude of the net electric field inside the metal? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> Use the equation relating drift speed, mobility, and electric field to solve this problem. <br /> E = v/μ = (.001(m/s))/(.02(m/s)/(N/C)) = .05 N/C<br /> <br /> ===Difficult Problem===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> [[Polarization]]<br /> <br /> [[Charge Transfer]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14707 2015-12-05T18:56:21Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Examples */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple Problem===<br /> The electron mobility in a certain metal is .02 (m/s)/(N/C). If the drift speed measured in the material is .001 m/s, what is the magnitude of the net electric field inside the metal? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> Use the equation relating drift speed, mobility, and electric field to solve this problem. <br /> E = v/μ = (.001(m/s))/(.02(m/s)/(N/C)) = .05 N/C<br /> <br /> ===Difficult Problem===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14667 2015-12-05T18:45:51Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Examples */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple Problem===<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Difficult Problem===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14664 2015-12-05T18:45:22Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Difficult */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult Problem===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14662 2015-12-05T18:44:56Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Difficult */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material. This property is constant at a consistent temperature. <br /> μ= v/E = (.0072 m/s)/(.05 N/C) = .144 (m/s)(N/C)<br /> Next, use the electron mobility with the updated electric field to find the new drift speed. <br /> v = μE = (.144 (m/s)(N/C))(.07 N/C) = .01008 (m/s)<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14646 2015-12-05T18:39:10Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Difficult */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material.<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14644 2015-12-05T18:38:45Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Difficult */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material.<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14642 2015-12-05T18:38:27Z

<p>Wrountree3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ====Solution====<br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material.<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14640 2015-12-05T18:37:47Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ==Solution== <br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material.<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. The model was updated once more by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1933 after the development of quantum theory.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14630 2015-12-05T18:35:28Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Difficult */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> If the drift speed of mobile electrons in a material is measured to be .0072 m/s and the net electric field applied to the material is known to be .05 N/C everywhere, what would the drift speed be if the magnitude of the net electric field increased to .07 N/C? <br /> <br /> ==Solution== <br /> First, find the electron mobility in the mystery material.<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14614 2015-12-05T18:32:23Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Simple */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> <br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14571 2015-12-05T18:19:54Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal, and is the reason for the relatively quick polarization of metal in an electric field. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14556 2015-12-05T18:15:08Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14546 2015-12-05T18:14:11Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14540 2015-12-05T18:13:21Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material, and varies with temperature and material. <br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> Substituting this term back in to the equation for drift speed clarifies the relationship between the speed of a mobile charge, the electric field, and the material's electrical properties.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''v'' = μE'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14513 2015-12-05T18:06:06Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', describes how easily an electron can move through a material.<br /> <br /> '''μ = (eΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14507 2015-12-05T18:02:28Z

<p>Wrountree3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written by William Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', is equivalent to the charge of the electron<br /> <br /> The electron's ease in moving through the metal, '''μ''', is known as the electron ''mobility''. When<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14506 2015-12-05T18:02:08Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle ('''e''' for an electron) and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The drift speed is proportional to the electric field, so to simplify the relationship a new term is introduced. The electron ''mobility'', '''μ''', is equivalent to the charge of the electron<br /> <br /> The electron's ease in moving through the metal, '''μ''', is known as the electron ''mobility''. When<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14423 2015-12-05T17:35:28Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The <br /> <br /> The electron's ease in moving through the metal, '''μ''', is known as the electron ''mobility''. When<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14414 2015-12-05T17:34:01Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the drift speed can rewritten as:<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = (eEΔt)/m'''<br /> <br /> The electron's ease in moving through the metal, '''μ''', is known as the electron ''mobility''. When<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14408 2015-12-05T17:31:48Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''''v''''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> '''''v'' = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, '''Δt''' . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the momentum <br /> <br /> The electron's ease in moving through the metal, '''μ''', is known as the electron ''mobility''. When<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14404 2015-12-05T17:31:00Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''v''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass, '''m''':<br /> <br /> '''v = p/m'''<br /> <br /> Assuming that the momentum is zero when the electrons collide, the momentum of the electron is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions, . Remember, the force on a point charge is '''qE''', where '''q''' is the charge of the particle and '''E''' is the net electric field. Therefore, the momentum <br /> <br /> The electron's ease in moving through the metal, '''μ''', is known as the electron ''mobility''. When<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14385 2015-12-05T17:24:31Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''v''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron, '''p''', by its mass'''m''':<br /> <br /> '''v = p/m'''<br /> <br /> The momentum is equivalent to the force on the electron multiplied by the time between collisions<br /> <br /> The electron's ease in moving through the metal, '''μ''', is known as the electron ''mobility''. When<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14358 2015-12-05T17:18:02Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''v''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. This speed can be found by dividing the momentum of the electron by its mass:<br /> <br /> '''v''' = p ---- m <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The electron's ease in moving through the metal, '''μ''', is known as the electron ''mobility''. When<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14275 2015-12-05T16:39:17Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''v''', is described as it's ''drift speed''. The electron's ease in moving through the metal, '''μ''', is known as the ''mobility''.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=14266 2015-12-05T16:34:34Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electrons continue to accelerate until they collide with other objects in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal. <br /> <br /> An electron's average speed as it moves through the metal, '''v''', is described as it's ''drift speed''.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=12780 2015-12-04T22:38:05Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electron continues to accelerate until it collides with another electron in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900 three years after J.J. Thompson discovered the electron. Dubbed the Drude Model, this theory was expanded by Hendrik Lorentz five years after it was introduced. After the development of quantum theory the model was updated from the previous classical version.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=12772 2015-12-04T22:33:00Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electron continues to accelerate until it collides with another electron in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900. Subsequently called the Drude Model, this theory<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> http://physics.bu.edu/~okctsui/PY543/1_notes_Drude_2013.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=12770 2015-12-04T22:32:47Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electron continues to accelerate until it collides with another electron in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This model for the motion of electrons in metal is credited to physicist Paul Drude, who first proposed the model in 1900. Subsequently called the Drude Model, this theory<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=4871 2015-11-30T21:58:47Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other. When an electric field is applied to a metal, the mobile electrons begin to experience a force and accelerate. The electron continues to accelerate until it collides with another electron in the mobile electron sea. This process continues to propagate throughout the metal for as long as an external field is applied to the metal.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=4821 2015-11-30T21:39:50Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Mobile Electron Sea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot; There is an even distribution of positive and negative charges, so the net electric field inside of metal is zero.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=4790 2015-11-30T21:22:43Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> Electrons naturally repel each other.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=4789 2015-11-30T21:21:11Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===A Mathematical Model===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=4786 2015-11-30T21:19:19Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Mobile Electron Sea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, and these valence electrons aren't tightly bound to the nucleus. As a result they are &quot;free&quot; and able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=4782 2015-11-30T21:15:59Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Mobile Electron Sea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, meaning that valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus and are able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only one free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=2803 2015-11-29T00:21:18Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, meaning that valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus and are able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Fields]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=2801 2015-11-29T00:20:41Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, meaning that valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus and are able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html#c1<br /> <br /> <br /> [Fields]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=2799 2015-11-29T00:19:21Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Charge Motion */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, meaning that valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus and are able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=2798 2015-11-29T00:18:52Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Mobile Electron Sea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, meaning that valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus and are able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the atoms. Due to every atom lacking a negatively charged electron, the atoms are positively charged and remain bound together by the &quot;sea.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=2797 2015-11-29T00:15:40Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Mobile Electron Sea */</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, meaning that valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus and are able to move through the material. The electrons aren't shared or transferred between atoms; they are available to all nuclei in the metal. Often there is only free electron per atom, but that is all it takes to create a &quot;sea&quot; of electrons surrounding the nuclei.<br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=2788 2015-11-29T00:10:58Z

<p>Wrountree3: </p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> Metals, like all matter, are made of atoms. These atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The majority of metals have few electrons in the outer orbitals, meaning that valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus and are able to move through the material. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Charge Motion==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2758 2015-11-28T23:25:26Z

<p>Wrountree3: /* Fields */</p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC__<br /> Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br /> <br /> Looking to make a contribution?<br /> #Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br /> #Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br /> #Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br /> <br /> Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br /> <br /> == Source Material ==<br /> All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br /> * A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br /> * A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br /> * The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br /> * An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br /> * Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br /> * OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br /> * The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br /> * A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br /> <br /> == Organizing Categories ==<br /> These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> ===Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Kinds of Matter]]<br /> *[[Detecting Interactions]]<br /> *[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br /> *[[System &amp; Surroundings]] <br /> *[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Force]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Theory===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br /> *[[Quantum Theory]]<br /> *[[General Relativity]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Notable Scientists===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Albert Einstein]]<br /> *[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br /> *[[Joseph Henry]]<br /> *[[Michael Faraday]]<br /> *[[J.J. Thomson]]<br /> *[[James Maxwell]]<br /> *[[Robert Hooke]]<br /> *[[Marie Curie]]<br /> *[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br /> *[[Nikola Tesla]]<br /> *[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br /> *[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br /> *[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br /> *[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br /> *[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br /> *[[Erwin Schrödinger]]<br /> *[[Enrico Fermi]]<br /> *[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br /> *[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br /> *[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br /> *[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br /> *[[Niels Bohr]]<br /> *[[Georg Ohm]]<br /> *[[Galileo Galilei]]<br /> *[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br /> *[[Max Planck]]<br /> *[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Properties of Matter===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Mass]]<br /> *[[Velocity]]<br /> *[[Density]]<br /> *[[Charge]]<br /> *[[Spin]]<br /> *[[SI Units]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Contact Interactions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Young's Modulus]]<br /> * [[Friction]]<br /> * [[Tension]]<br /> * [[Hooke's Law]]<br /> *[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Vectors]]<br /> * [[Kinematics]]<br /> * [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br /> * [[Momentum Principle]]<br /> * [[Curving Motion]]<br /> * [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br /> * [[Iterative Prediction]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Angular Momentum===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br /> * [[Rotation]]<br /> * [[Torque]]<br /> *[[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br /> * [[Right Hand Rule]]<br /> * [[Angular Velocity]]<br /> * [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]<br /> * [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]<br /> *[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br /> *[[Total Angular Momentum]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Energy===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Predicting Change]]<br /> *[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br /> *[[Kinetic Energy]]<br /> *[[Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Work]]<br /> *[[Thermal Energy]]<br /> *[[Conservation of Energy]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]]<br /> *[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br /> *[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Point Particle Systems]]<br /> *[[Real Systems]]<br /> *[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br /> *[[Internal Energy]]<br /> *[[Energy Diagrams]]<br /> *[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br /> *[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br /> *[[Power]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Collisions===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Collisions]]<br /> *[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br /> *[[Elastic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br /> *[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br /> *[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fields===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[Electric Field]] of a<br /> ** [[Point Charge]]<br /> ** [[Electric Dipole]]<br /> ** [[Capacitor]]<br /> ** [[Charged Rod]]<br /> ** [[Charged Ring]]<br /> ** [[Charged Disk]]<br /> ** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br /> **[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br /> *[[Electric Potential]] <br /> **[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br /> **[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br /> *[[Electric Force]]<br /> *[[Polarization]]<br /> *[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br /> *[[Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br /> **[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Bar Magnet]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Force]]<br /> **[[Hall Effect]]<br /> **[[Lorentz Force]]<br /> **[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br /> **[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Sparks in Air]]<br /> **[[Motional Emf]]<br /> **[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br /> **[[Moving Point Charge]]<br /> **[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br /> **[[Motors and Generators]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Simple Circuits===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Components]]<br /> *[[Steady State]]<br /> *[[Non Steady State]]<br /> *[[Node Rule]]<br /> *[[Loop Rule]]<br /> *[[Power in a circuit]]<br /> *[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br /> *[[Current]]<br /> *[[Ohm's Law]]<br /> *[[RC]]<br /> *[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br /> *[[RL Circuit]]<br /> *[[LC Circuit]]<br /> *[[Surface Charge Distributions]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Maxwell's Equations===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br /> **[[Electric Fields]]<br /> **[[Magnetic Fields]]<br /> *[[Ampere's Law]]<br /> *[[Faraday's Law]]<br /> **[[Inductance]]<br /> **[[Lenz's Law]]<br /> ***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br /> *[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br /> **[[Superconducters]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Radiation===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br /> *[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br /> *[[Lenses]]<br /> *[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br /> *[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sound===<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;<br /> *[[Doppler Effect]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> *[[blahb]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Resources ==<br /> * Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br /> * A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br /> * A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br /> * An overview of [[VPython]]</div>

Wrountree3 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Charge_Motion_in_Metals&diff=2756 2015-11-28T23:23:08Z

<p>Wrountree3: Created page with &quot;Written by Will Rountree ==Mobile Electron Sea== ===Zeroth Law=== ====A Mathematical Model==== ====A Computational Model==== ====A Mathematical Model==== ==...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Written by Will Rountree<br /> ==Mobile Electron Sea==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Zeroth Law===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Computational Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ====A Mathematical Model====<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Simple===<br /> ===Middling===<br /> ===Difficult===<br /> <br /> ==Connectedness==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>

Wrountree3