Determinism - Revision history

Richard.Udall: /* Further Reading */

2019-07-29T19:36:41Z

Richard.Udall: /* See also */

2019-07-29T19:11:20Z

See also

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	===External Links===		===External Links===
	====Background Physics====		====Background Physics====
	[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br>		*[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br>
	[https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/orbitals-and-electrons/v/heisenberg-uncertainty-principle Khan Academy: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle]		*[https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/orbitals-and-electrons/v/heisenberg-uncertainty-principle Khan Academy: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle]

	====General Information on Determinism====		====General Information on Determinism====
	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism Determinism] <br>		*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism Determinism] <br>
	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_determinism Physical Determinism] <br>		*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_determinism Physical Determinism] <br>

	====More on Free Will====		====More on Free Will====
	[https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/v/problem-of-free-will Khan Academy/MIT: The Problem of Free Will] <br>		*[https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/v/problem-of-free-will Khan Academy/MIT: The Problem of Free Will] <br>
	[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU05XZ4_jtk Video Arguing Free Will Doesn't Exist] <br>		*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU05XZ4_jtk Video Arguing Free Will Doesn't Exist] <br>
	[http://bigthink.com/dr-kakus-universe/why-quantum-physics-ends-the-free-will-debate Video Arguing Free Will Does Exist (Sort Of)]		*[http://bigthink.com/dr-kakus-universe/why-quantum-physics-ends-the-free-will-debate Video Arguing Free Will Does Exist (Sort Of)]


	===Further Reading===		===Further Reading===
			*[Matter and Interactions, 4th Edition]

	==References==		==References==

Richard.Udall: /* See also */

2019-07-29T19:09:07Z

See also

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	== See also ==		== See also ==
			*[[Newton's Second Law: the Momentum Principle]]
			*[[Iterative Prediction]]
			*[[Kinematics]]
			*[[Fundamentals of Iterative Prediction with Varying Force]]
			*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
			*[[Terminal Speed]]
			*[[Two Dimensional Harmonic Motion]]
			*[[System & Surroundings]]
			*[[Entropy]]

	===External Links===		===External Links===
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	[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU05XZ4_jtk Video Arguing Free Will Doesn't Exist] <br>		[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU05XZ4_jtk Video Arguing Free Will Doesn't Exist] <br>
	[http://bigthink.com/dr-kakus-universe/why-quantum-physics-ends-the-free-will-debate Video Arguing Free Will Does Exist (Sort Of)]		[http://bigthink.com/dr-kakus-universe/why-quantum-physics-ends-the-free-will-debate Video Arguing Free Will Does Exist (Sort Of)]


			===Further Reading===

	==References==		==References==

Richard.Udall: /* History */

2019-07-29T19:02:08Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:02, 29 July 2019
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	==History==		==History==
	The concept of determinism has been around for centuries and was explored by thinkers around the world. Physical determinism was bolstered by [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum\|Newton's Laws]], and the first publication discussing it in a scientific context, "LaPlace's demon", was written by [[Pierre Laplace]] in 1814<ref> http://www.stsci.edu/~lbradley/seminar/laplace.html </ref>. He wrote that a hypothetical omniscient observer could potentially predict the entire future of the universe. Even though this is practically impossible for any human or computer to ever achieve, LaPlace argued that it was still hypothetically possible if physical determinism were true. However, in the early 20th century the development of quantum mechanics made this position substantially more complicated. In particular, the deterministic form proposed by Einstein, known as a hidden variable theory (which held that there was a correct value which the universe would act upon deterministically, but which was "hidden" from us) was put to the test in the second half of the 20th century by the Bell Inequalities <ref> Townsend, J.S. A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics, (University Science Books, Mill Valley C.A., 2012), 2nd Edition, pg. 156). Quantum mechanics has since been proven to violate the Bell Inequalities, meaning it is not a hidden variable theory (at least, of the type Einstein proposed), and the modern understanding requires that for quantum mechanics to be deterministic, it would have to sacrifice some other desirable quality like locality (the requirement that objects are only immediately affected by their immediate surroundings, so any action at a distance has to move at the speed of light) <ref> Townsend pg. 160 </ref>, or something even more exotic like unitarity (the requirement that all probabilities add to 1).		The concept of determinism has been around for centuries and was explored by thinkers around the world. Physical determinism was bolstered by [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum\|Newton's Laws]], and the first publication discussing it in a scientific context, "LaPlace's demon", was written by [[Pierre Laplace]] in 1814<ref> http://www.stsci.edu/~lbradley/seminar/laplace.html </ref>. He wrote that a hypothetical omniscient observer could potentially predict the entire future of the universe. Even though this is practically impossible for any human or computer to ever achieve, LaPlace argued that it was still hypothetically possible if physical determinism were true. However, in the early 20th century the development of quantum mechanics made this position substantially more complicated. In particular, the deterministic form proposed by Einstein, known as a hidden variable theory (which held that there was a correct value which the universe would act upon deterministically, but which was "hidden" from us) was put to the test in the second half of the 20th century by the Bell Inequalities <ref> Townsend, J.S. A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics, (University Science Books, Mill Valley C.A., 2012), 2nd Edition, pg. 156)</ref>. Quantum mechanics has since been proven to violate the Bell Inequalities, meaning it is not a hidden variable theory (at least, of the type Einstein proposed), and the modern understanding requires that for quantum mechanics to be deterministic, it would have to sacrifice some other desirable quality like locality (the requirement that objects are only immediately affected by their immediate surroundings, so any action at a distance has to move at the speed of light) <ref> Townsend pg. 160 </ref>, or something even more exotic like unitarity (the requirement that all probabilities add to 1).

	Concurrently with the development of quantum mechanics, the 20th century saw great progress in the field of deterministic chaos. Notable developments include Lorenz's discover of the Lorenz attractor in the early 60's <ref> https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Lorenz </ref>, Steven Smale's many contributions <ref> https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Smale </ref> (made in between participating in Berkley's first famous protests), and the work of many, many others <ref> ChaosBook, Appendix A </ref>		Concurrently with the development of quantum mechanics, the 20th century saw great progress in the field of deterministic chaos. Notable developments include Lorenz's discover of the Lorenz attractor in the early 60's <ref> https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Lorenz </ref>, Steven Smale's many contributions <ref> https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Smale </ref> (made in between participating in Berkley's first famous protests), and the work of many, many others <ref> ChaosBook, Appendix A </ref>

Richard.Udall: /* Mathematical Model */

2019-07-29T19:01:07Z

Mathematical Model

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	===Mathematical Model===		===Mathematical Model===

	There is little that can be said in formal mathematical terms about chaotic systems without making use of advanced mathematical techniques. We will note a few properties of chaotic equations though. Firstly, all chaotic systems are non-linear (but not all non-linear systems are chaotic), which is when changes to the input value (i.e. initial conditions) do not correspond to linear changes in the output value, as we've already described. Our equation for quadratic air resistance is non-linear, but is not chaotic, so what's the difference? The second attribute of chaos is informally called mixing. This means that if you start many points next to each other and trace out their trajectories, those trajectories will end up looking like a hopelessly tangled bowl of spaghetti, and will fill up the whole space. The formal way of quantifying this is complicated, so we'll leave it there, but [http://chaosbook.org/ ChaosBook~~</ref>~~ can give more detail.		There is little that can be said in formal mathematical terms about chaotic systems without making use of advanced mathematical techniques. We will note a few properties of chaotic equations though. Firstly, all chaotic systems are non-linear (but not all non-linear systems are chaotic), which is when changes to the input value (i.e. initial conditions) do not correspond to linear changes in the output value, as we've already described. Our equation for quadratic air resistance is non-linear, but is not chaotic, so what's the difference? The second attribute of chaos is informally called mixing. This means that if you start many points next to each other and trace out their trajectories, those trajectories will end up looking like a hopelessly tangled bowl of spaghetti, and will fill up the whole space. The formal way of quantifying this is complicated, so we'll leave it there, but [http://chaosbook.org/ ChaosBook] can give more detail.

	===Computational Modeling===		===Computational Modeling===

Richard.Udall: /* Mathematical Model */

2019-07-29T19:00:57Z

Mathematical Model

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 29 July 2019
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	===Mathematical Model===		===Mathematical Model===

	There is little that can be said in formal mathematical terms about chaotic systems without making use of advanced mathematical techniques. We will note a few properties of chaotic equations though. Firstly, all chaotic systems are non-linear (but not all non-linear systems are chaotic), which is when changes to the input value (i.e. initial conditions) do not correspond to linear changes in the output value, as we've already described. Our equation for quadratic air resistance is non-linear, but is not chaotic, so what's the difference? The second attribute of chaos is informally called mixing. This means that if you start many points next to each other and trace out their trajectories, those trajectories will end up looking like a hopelessly tangled bowl of spaghetti, and will fill up the whole space. The formal way of quantifying this is complicated, so we'll leave it there, but ~~<ref>~~ http://chaosbook.org/ ~~Chapter 1~~</ref> can give more detail.		There is little that can be said in formal mathematical terms about chaotic systems without making use of advanced mathematical techniques. We will note a few properties of chaotic equations though. Firstly, all chaotic systems are non-linear (but not all non-linear systems are chaotic), which is when changes to the input value (i.e. initial conditions) do not correspond to linear changes in the output value, as we've already described. Our equation for quadratic air resistance is non-linear, but is not chaotic, so what's the difference? The second attribute of chaos is informally called mixing. This means that if you start many points next to each other and trace out their trajectories, those trajectories will end up looking like a hopelessly tangled bowl of spaghetti, and will fill up the whole space. The formal way of quantifying this is complicated, so we'll leave it there, but [http://chaosbook.org/ ChaosBook</ref> can give more detail.

	===Computational Modeling===		===Computational Modeling===

Richard.Udall at 19:00, 29 July 2019

2019-07-29T19:00:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 29 July 2019
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	'''Edited by Richard Udall Summer 2019'''		'''Edited by Richard Udall Summer 2019'''

	Determinism is ~~the idea~~ that if the physical ~~state~~ of a system is known~~, including~~ the ~~momentums, positions, and forces~~ of ~~each object in~~ the system, ~~the behavior of the~~ system ~~can be calculated using [[Iterative Prediction\|iterative prediction]]~~ to ~~determine its behavior~~ at ~~any given~~ time. This ~~idea~~ is ~~based on [[Newton's second Law:~~ the ~~Momentum Principle]]~~, ~~developed by [[Sir Isaac Newton\|Isaac Newton]]~~.		Determinism is a metaphysical principle which states that if one has full knowledge of a systems initial conditions and the physical laws which governs the system, then it is possible to predict the evolution of the system arbitrarily far into the future. There are two significant complications to this principle. The first is the defining feature of what is known as chaos: it is impossible to know the initial conditions of the system perfectly, and in a sufficiently complex system extremely small differences in initial conditions will lead to very substantial differences at later points of time. This type of chaos is still deterministic, as the laws governing the system mean that a single input corresponds to a single output. This contrasts with systems which may have some inherent degree of randomness, which notably includes the current paradigm of all quantum mechanical system.

	==Main Idea==		==Main Idea==

Richard.Udall at 18:39, 29 July 2019

2019-07-29T18:39:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:39, 29 July 2019
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	By Areeba Abid		'''Written by Areeba Abid Fall 2015'''

			'''Edited by Richard Udall Summer 2019'''

	Determinism is the idea that if the physical state of a system is known, including the momentums, positions, and forces of each object in the system, the behavior of the system can be calculated using [[Iterative Prediction\|iterative prediction]] to determine its behavior at any given time. This idea is based on [[Newton's second Law: the Momentum Principle]], developed by [[Sir Isaac Newton\|Isaac Newton]].		Determinism is the idea that if the physical state of a system is known, including the momentums, positions, and forces of each object in the system, the behavior of the system can be calculated using [[Iterative Prediction\|iterative prediction]] to determine its behavior at any given time. This idea is based on [[Newton's second Law: the Momentum Principle]], developed by [[Sir Isaac Newton\|Isaac Newton]].

Richard.Udall: /* See also */

2019-07-25T21:41:26Z

See also

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:41, 25 July 2019
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	== See also ==		== See also ==


	===External Links===		===External Links===

Richard.Udall: /* See also */

2019-07-25T21:40:42Z

See also

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:40, 25 July 2019
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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	===Background Physics===
			===External Links===
			====Background Physics====
	[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br>		[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br>
	[https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/orbitals-and-electrons/v/heisenberg-uncertainty-principle Khan Academy: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle]		[https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/orbitals-and-electrons/v/heisenberg-uncertainty-principle Khan Academy: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle]

	===General Information on Determinism===		====General Information on Determinism====
	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism Determinism] <br>		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism Determinism] <br>
	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_determinism Physical Determinism] <br>		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_determinism Physical Determinism] <br>

	===More on Free Will===		====More on Free Will====
	[https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/v/problem-of-free-will Khan Academy/MIT: The Problem of Free Will] <br>		[https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/v/problem-of-free-will Khan Academy/MIT: The Problem of Free Will] <br>
	[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU05XZ4_jtk Video Arguing Free Will Doesn't Exist] <br>		[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU05XZ4_jtk Video Arguing Free Will Doesn't Exist] <br>

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:36, 29 July 2019
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	===Further Reading===		===Further Reading===
	*[Matter and Interactions, 4th Edition]		*Matter and Interactions, 4th Edition

	==References==		==References==