Magnus Effect: Difference between revisions

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The '''Magnus effect''' is the effect in which one can observe a ball or cylinder curving from its initial path of motion through the air.
The '''Magnus effect''' is the effect in which one can observe a ball or cylinder curving through the air from its initial path of motion.
 
[[File:Magnus effect - slider.png|200px|thumb|left|The result of the Magnus effect on a rotating ball]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contents
Contents
     1 The Magnus Effect
     1 The Magnus Effect
         1.1 A Mathematical Model
         1.1 A Mathematical Model
         1.2 A Computational Model
         1.2 A Computational Model
     2 Examples
     2 Connectedness
        2.1 Simple
     3 History
        2.2 Middling
     4 See also
        2.3 Difficult
         4.1 Further reading
     3 Connectedness
         4.2 External links
     4 History
     5 References
    5 See also
         5.1 Further reading
         5.2 External links
     6 References


The Magnus Effect


The '''Magnus Effect''' is the lift force created on a rotating spherical or cylindrical object about an axis as it moves through a fluid.  The force is perpendicular to the forward motion and causes the object to deviate from its standard flight path.
== The Magnus Effect ==
The '''Magnus Effect''' is the lift force created on a rotating spherical or cylindrical object about an axis as it moves through a fluid.  The force is perpendicular to the forward motion and causes the object to deviate from its standard flight path.  Areas of high and low pressure are formed around the object, and the object tends to curve toward low pressure.


''Picture:'' The result of the Magnus effect on a rotating ball [https://ellieslicesbagels.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/curveball.jpg]


A Mathematical Model
== A Mathematical Model ==
 
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example dp⃗ dtsystem=F⃗ net
where p is the momentum of the system and F is the net force from the surroundings.
 
The Magnus effect is an application of Bernoulli's theorem.  This theorem states that if a fluid has velocity v, the pressure p of that fluid is equal to 1rv^2, with r being the constant fluid density.  Since the pressure is normal to the surface of an object, the upward component is -sin(q)p(q).  If we integrate the pressure times the surface area of a cylinder with radius r, we get the lift:
The Magnus effect is an application of Bernoulli's theorem.  This theorem states that if a fluid has velocity v, the pressure p of that fluid is equal to 1rv^2, with r being the constant fluid density.  Since the pressure is normal to the surface of an object, the upward component is -sin(q)p(q).  If we integrate the pressure times the surface area of a cylinder with radius r, we get the lift:


Line 36: Line 44:
This is the Magnus effect.
This is the Magnus effect.


A Computational Model


== A Computational Model ==
A computational model of the Magnus effect can be observed by this graphic created in VPython:
A computational model of the Magnus effect can be observed by this graphic created in VPython:
Magnus effect [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpzKn8INm2o]
Magnus effect [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpzKn8INm2o]


Examples
== Connectedness ==
The Magnus effect can be seen perhaps most commonly in the world of sports.  In baseball, pitchers vary their grip, release, and pressure placed on each finger in an effort to maximize the Magnus effect and achieve large levels of break on their pitches.
 
''Picture:'' The forces on a curveball, including Magnus force [https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Fyh5XTpTzmI/maxresdefault.jpg]
 
A breakdown of the Magnus effect on pitches can be seen in this video showing the cutter of legendary Yankees closer Mariano Rivera [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH_wEUBWp9k]
 
== History ==
Sir Isaac Newton recorded the effects in 1672 after observing the flight of tennis balls at his college in Cambridge.  Benjamin Robins also described what would come to be known as the Magnus effect in 1742 after observing the curving of musket balls.  However, the effect would be named after German physicist and chemist Gustav Magnus (1802-1870).  He experimented with rotating spheres and cylinders to study their aerodynamics.
 
== See also ==
'''Further reading'''
 
For more on the Magnus effect and other physics in baseball, see
 
"The Physics of Baseball"[http://baseball.physics.illinois.edu/Adair_PhysicsToday_May95.pdf]
 
"The effect of spin on the flight of a baseball"[http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/76/2/10.1119/1.2805242]
 
 
'''External links'''
 
A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience Physics Portal[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics]
 
A wiki book on modern physics Modern Physics Wiki[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics]
 
The MIT open courseware for intro physics MITOCW Wiki[http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm]
 
An online concept map of intro physics HyperPhysics[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html]


Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible
Interactive physics simulations PhET[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics]
Simple
Middling
Difficult
Connectedness


    How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook College Physics[https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics]
    How is it connected to your major?
    Is there an interesting industrial application?


History
The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources OSP[http://www.opensourcephysics.org/]


Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.
A resource guide compiled by the AAPT[http://www.aapt.org/] for educators ComPADRE[http://www.compadre.org/]
See also


Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?
== References ==
Further reading


Books, Articles or other print media on this topic
http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath258/kmath258.htm[http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath258/kmath258.htm]
External links


[1]
http://everything.explained.today/Magnus_effect/[http://everything.explained.today/Magnus_effect/]


http://baseball.physics.illinois.edu/Adair_PhysicsToday_May95.pdf[http://baseball.physics.illinois.edu/Adair_PhysicsToday_May95.pdf]


References
http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/76/2/10.1119/1.2805242[http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/76/2/10.1119/1.2805242]


This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
Category:


    Which Category did you place this in?
Category:  Interactions [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Main_Page]

Latest revision as of 04:10, 6 December 2015

The Magnus effect is the effect in which one can observe a ball or cylinder curving through the air from its initial path of motion.

The result of the Magnus effect on a rotating ball








Contents

   1 The Magnus Effect
       1.1 A Mathematical Model
       1.2 A Computational Model
   2 Connectedness
   3 History
   4 See also
       4.1 Further reading
       4.2 External links
   5 References


The Magnus Effect

The Magnus Effect is the lift force created on a rotating spherical or cylindrical object about an axis as it moves through a fluid. The force is perpendicular to the forward motion and causes the object to deviate from its standard flight path. Areas of high and low pressure are formed around the object, and the object tends to curve toward low pressure.

Picture: The result of the Magnus effect on a rotating ball [1]

A Mathematical Model

The Magnus effect is an application of Bernoulli's theorem. This theorem states that if a fluid has velocity v, the pressure p of that fluid is equal to 1rv^2, with r being the constant fluid density. Since the pressure is normal to the surface of an object, the upward component is -sin(q)p(q). If we integrate the pressure times the surface area of a cylinder with radius r, we get the lift:

F_p = -(rho*Gamma)/4 (1+1/r^2)

If we say r = 1, the net lift can be shown as:

L = -rho*v_0*Gamma

This is the Magnus effect.


A Computational Model

A computational model of the Magnus effect can be observed by this graphic created in VPython: Magnus effect [2]

Connectedness

The Magnus effect can be seen perhaps most commonly in the world of sports. In baseball, pitchers vary their grip, release, and pressure placed on each finger in an effort to maximize the Magnus effect and achieve large levels of break on their pitches.

Picture: The forces on a curveball, including Magnus force [3]

A breakdown of the Magnus effect on pitches can be seen in this video showing the cutter of legendary Yankees closer Mariano Rivera [4]

History

Sir Isaac Newton recorded the effects in 1672 after observing the flight of tennis balls at his college in Cambridge. Benjamin Robins also described what would come to be known as the Magnus effect in 1742 after observing the curving of musket balls. However, the effect would be named after German physicist and chemist Gustav Magnus (1802-1870). He experimented with rotating spheres and cylinders to study their aerodynamics.

See also

Further reading

For more on the Magnus effect and other physics in baseball, see

"The Physics of Baseball"[5]

"The effect of spin on the flight of a baseball"[6]


External links

A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience Physics Portal[7]

A wiki book on modern physics Modern Physics Wiki[8]

The MIT open courseware for intro physics MITOCW Wiki[9]

An online concept map of intro physics HyperPhysics[10]

Interactive physics simulations PhET[11]

OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook College Physics[12]

The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources OSP[13]

A resource guide compiled by the AAPT[14] for educators ComPADRE[15]

References

http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath258/kmath258.htm[16]

http://everything.explained.today/Magnus_effect/[17]

http://baseball.physics.illinois.edu/Adair_PhysicsToday_May95.pdf[18]

http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/76/2/10.1119/1.2805242[19]


Category: Interactions [20]