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'''[[Claimed By Emma Bivings]]'''




== A Mathematical Model ==






It follows from the angular momentum principle, <math>LA_{f} = LA_{i} + r_{net} \cdot \Delta t </math> that for systems with zero torque, <math>LA_{f} = LA_{i}</math>.


Here are some basic formulas for finding torque when a system has a net <b>torque of zero</b>...
[[File:Torque_1.jpg]]


== A Mathematical Model ==


Remember to pay attention to the rotation: [[File:torque_2.jpg]]




It follows from the angular momentum principle, LAf = LAi + rnet*deltat that for systems with zero torque, LAf = LAi.
Make sure to pay attention to the direction on the forces when adding to net force: [[File:Torque_6.JPG]]


Torque vs Work:
[[File:Torque_8.JPG]]




== Computation Model ==


Finally, remember this all applies to Systems with <b>zero torque </b>
[[File:Torque_7.JPG]]


see corresponding section in http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Torque
== Computation Model ==




We refer the reader to a section in http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Torque


== Examples ==
== Examples ==




1. Suppose that a star initially had a radius about that of our Sun, 7x10^8km, and that it rotated every 26 days. What would be the period of rotation if the star collapsed to a radius of 10km?<rev>Browne, Michael E. "Angular Momentum." Physics for Engineering and Science. Third ed. McGraw Hill Education, 2013. 134. Print.</rev>
1. Suppose that a star initially had a radius about that of our Sun, 7x10^8km, and that it rotated every 26 days. What would be the period of rotation if the star collapsed to a radius of 10km?<ref>Browne, Michael E. "Angular Momentum." Physics for Engineering and Science. Third ed. McGraw Hill Education, 2013. 134. Print.</ref>


Solution:
Solution:
Line 36: Line 47:




2.An arrangement encountered in disk brakes and certain types of clutches is shown here. The lower disk. The lower disk, of moment of Inertia I1, is rotating with angular velocity 1. The upper disk, with moment of inertia I2, is lowered on to the bottom disk. Friction causes the two disks to adhere, and they finally rotate with the same angular velocity. Determine the final angular velocity if the initial angular velocity of the upper disk 2 was in the opposite direction as 1.
2. An arrangement encountered in disk brakes and certain types of clutches is shown here. The lower disk. The lower disk, of moment of Inertia I1, is rotating with angular velocity 1. The upper disk, with moment of inertia I2, is lowered on to the bottom disk. Friction causes the two disks to adhere, and they finally rotate with the same angular velocity. Determine the final angular velocity if the initial angular velocity of the upper disk 2 was in the opposite direction as 1.


[[File: FullSizeRender (2).jpg]]
[[File: FullSizeRender (2).jpg]]
Line 58: Line 69:




4. The tendon in your foot exerts a force of magnitude 720N. Determine the Torque (magnitude and direction)of this force about the ankle joint:


== Connectedness ==
[[File:Torque_3.jpg]]


Solution:
[[File:Torque_5.JPG]]


This principle directly relates to the bio-mechanical techniques used by various types of athletes, it can thus for example be incorporated into a physical analysis of extreme sports.  Athletes (figure skaters, skateboarders, etc.) are able to  employ this principle to increase the rates of rotation of there bodies without having to generate any net force. Given that Ltot = Ltrans + Lrot, and assuming that a change in Ltrans is trivial, it follows that Lrotf = Lroti. More specifically ωfIf = ωiIi. This relation implies that the athlete in question should be able to either increase or reduce their angular velocity by decreasing or increasing his or her moment of inertia respectively. Generally, this is accomplished by voluntarily cutting the distance between bodily appendages and the athlete's center of mass. In the example of a figure skater for instance, the moment of inertia is decreased by bringing in the arms and legs closer to the center of the body. Additionally, the athlete might crouch down in order to further decrease the total distance from his or her body’s center of mass. As a result, an inversely proportional change in the angular velocity of the athlete’s motion will occur, causing the speed of the athletes rotation either increase or decrease. <rev>Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Angular Momentum." Matter & Interactions. 4rth ed. Vol. 1 : Modern Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012. 434,440. Print.</ref>
                                [[File:Iceskater.jpg]]<ref>http://qctimes.com/news/local/young-ice-skaters-shine-at-u-s-figure-skating-event/image_37e22f34-2c3a-5445-84cb-54972b525ad8.html. Retrieved December 3.2015.</ref>


As an LMC major, I am among the very few students at Georgia Tech for whom the zero-torque system method is not immediately applicable. If instead I was any sort of engineering major whatsoever, this would surely not be the case.
5. A woman whose weight is 530N is poised at the right end of a diving board with a length of 3.90 m. The board has negligible weight and is bolted down at the left end, while being supported 1.40m away by a fulcrum. Find the forces that the bolt and the fulcrum respectively exert on the board.
[[File:Torque_9.JPG]]


An immediate industrial example of a zero-torque system is alluded to in example problem two above. The zero-torque system is a very important method of abstraction in the field of control systems engineering. In particular, this perspective is instrumental for calculating selection factors for clutching and braking systems. Though often offered as separate components, their function are often combined into a single unit. When starting or stopping, they transfer energy between an output shaft and an input shaft through the point of contact. By considering the input shaft, output shaft and engagement mechanism as a closed system, researchers are enabled to make calculations that can inform them on how to engineer systems of progressively greater efficiency in regard to the mechanical advantage unique to different type of engagement system.<rev>http://www.controleng.com/single-article/selection-factors-for-clutches-amp-brakes/9fbd9f3d184754e5ced13817eff2c659.html. Retrieved December 3, 2015.</ref> [[File:Car_clutch.png]]<ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Car_clutch.png. Retrieved December 3, 2015.</ref>
Solution:
[[File:Torque_10.JPG]]




6. A 5.0m long horizontal beam weighing 315N is attached to a wall by a pin connection that allows the beam to rotate. Its far end is supported by a cable that makes an angle of 53 degrees with the horizontal, and a 545 N person is standing 1.5m from the wall. Find the force in the cable, Ft, and the force is exerted on the beam by the wall, R, if the beam is in equilibrium.




Solution: [[File:Torque_11.JPG]]


== Connectedness ==




This principle directly relates to the bio-mechanical techniques used by various types of athletes, it can thus for example be incorporated into a physical analysis of extreme sports.  Athletes (figure skaters, skateboarders, etc.) are able to  employ this principle to increase the rates of rotation of there bodies without having to generate any net force. Given that <math>L_{tot} = L_{trans} + L_{rot}</math>, and assuming that a change in <math>L_{trans}</math> is trivial, it follows that <math>L_{rot, f} = L_{rot, i}</math>. Specifically, <math>\omega_{f} \cdot I_{f} = \omega_{i} \cdot I_{i} </math>. This relation implies that the athlete in question should be able to either increase or reduce their angular velocity by decreasing or increasing his or her moment of inertia respectively. Generally, this is accomplished by voluntarily cutting the distance between bodily appendages and the athlete's center of mass. In the example of a figure skater for instance, the moment of inertia is decreased by bringing in the arms and legs closer to the center of the body. Additionally, the athlete might crouch down in order to further decrease the total distance from his or her body’s center of mass. As a result, an inversely proportional change in the angular velocity of the athlete’s motion will occur, causing the speed of the athletes rotation either increase or decrease. <ref>Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Angular Momentum." Matter & Interactions. 4rth ed. Vol. 1 : Modern Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012. 434,440. Print.</ref>
                                [[File:Iceskater.jpg]]<ref>http://qctimes.com/news/local/young-ice-skaters-shine-at-u-s-figure-skating-event/image_37e22f34-2c3a-5445-84cb-54972b525ad8.html. Retrieved December 3.2015.</ref>


An immediate industrial example of a zero-torque system is alluded to in example problem two above. The zero-torque system is a very important method of abstraction in the field of control systems engineering. In particular, this perspective is instrumental for calculating selection factors for clutching and braking systems. Though often offered as separate components, their function are often combined into a single unit. When starting or stopping, they transfer energy between an output shaft and an input shaft through the point of contact. By considering the input shaft, output shaft and engagement mechanism as a closed system, researchers are enabled to make calculations that can inform them on how to engineer systems of progressively greater efficiency in regard to the mechanical advantage unique to different type of engagement system.<ref>http://www.controleng.com/single-article/selection-factors-for-clutches-amp-brakes/9fbd9f3d184754e5ced13817eff2c659.html. Retrieved December 3, 2015.</ref> [[File:Car_clutch.png]]<ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Car_clutch.png. Retrieved December 3, 2015.</ref>


== History ==
== History ==




The empirical analysis of what might now be described as “zero-torque systems” by various natural philosophers pointed towards the principles of angular momentum and torque long before they were formulated in Newton’s Principia. The principle of torque was indicated as early as Archimedes (c. 287 BC - c.212 BC) who postulated the law of the lever. As written below, it essentially describes an event in which zero net torque on a system results in zero angular momentum(4).<rev>http://www.britannica.com/biography/Archimedes. Retrieved December 3. 2015.</ref> Much later on in 1609, the astronomer Johannes Kepler announced his discovery that planets followed an elliptical pattern around the Sun. More specifically, he claimed to have found that “a radius vector joining any planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time.” Mathematically, this area, (½)(rvsin) is proportional to angular momentum rmvsin. It was Newton’s endeavor to find an analytical solution for Kepler’s observations that lead to the derivation of his second law, The Momentum Principle, in the late 1600s.<rev>Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Angular Momentum." Matter & Interactions. 4rth ed. Vol. 1 : Modern Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012. 434,440. Print.</ref>
The empirical analysis of what might now be described as “zero-torque systems” by various natural philosophers pointed towards the principles of angular momentum and torque long before they were formulated in Newton’s Principia. The principle of torque was indicated as early as Archimedes (c. 287 BC - c.212 BC) who postulated the law of the lever. As written below, it essentially describes an event in which zero net torque on a system results in zero angular momentum(4).<ref>http://www.britannica.com/biography/Archimedes. Retrieved December 3. 2015.</ref> Much later on in 1609, the astronomer Johannes Kepler announced his discovery that planets followed an elliptical pattern around the Sun. Specifically, he claimed to have found that "a radius vector joining any planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time." Mathematically, this area, <math>\frac{1}{2} \cdot r \cdot v \cdot sin(\theta)</math> is proportional to angular momentum <math>r \cdot v \cdot sin(\theta)</math>. It was Newton's endeavor to find an analytical solution for Kepler’s observations that lead to the derivation of his second law, The Momentum Principle, in the late 1600s.<ref>Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Angular Momentum." Matter & Interactions. 4rth ed. Vol. 1 : Modern Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012. 434,440. Print.</ref>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 125: Line 131:
== References ==
== References ==


<references>


1. Browne, Michael E. "Angular Momentum." Physics for Engineering and Science. Third ed. McGraw Hill Education, 2013. 134. Print.
1. Browne, Michael E. "Angular Momentum." Physics for Engineering and Science. Third ed. McGraw Hill Education, 2013. 134. Print.
Line 139: Line 147:


7.http://qctimes.com/news/local/young-ice-skaters-shine-at-u-s-figure-skating-event/image_37e22f34-2c3a-5445-84cb-54972b525ad8.html. Retrieved December 3.2015.
7.http://qctimes.com/news/local/young-ice-skaters-shine-at-u-s-figure-skating-event/image_37e22f34-2c3a-5445-84cb-54972b525ad8.html. Retrieved December 3.2015.
</references>

Latest revision as of 12:38, 25 July 2019


Claimed By Emma Bivings



A Mathematical Model

It follows from the angular momentum principle, [math]\displaystyle{ LA_{f} = LA_{i} + r_{net} \cdot \Delta t }[/math] that for systems with zero torque, [math]\displaystyle{ LA_{f} = LA_{i} }[/math].

Here are some basic formulas for finding torque when a system has a net torque of zero...


Remember to pay attention to the rotation:


Make sure to pay attention to the direction on the forces when adding to net force:

Torque vs Work:


Finally, remember this all applies to Systems with zero torque

Computation Model

We refer the reader to a section in http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Torque

Examples

1. Suppose that a star initially had a radius about that of our Sun, 7x10^8km, and that it rotated every 26 days. What would be the period of rotation if the star collapsed to a radius of 10km?[1]

Solution:



2. An arrangement encountered in disk brakes and certain types of clutches is shown here. The lower disk. The lower disk, of moment of Inertia I1, is rotating with angular velocity 1. The upper disk, with moment of inertia I2, is lowered on to the bottom disk. Friction causes the two disks to adhere, and they finally rotate with the same angular velocity. Determine the final angular velocity if the initial angular velocity of the upper disk 2 was in the opposite direction as 1.

Solution:



3. A uniform thin rod of length 0.5 m and mass 4.0 kg can rotate in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis through its center. The rod is at rest when a 3.0 g bullet traveling the horizontal plane is fired into one end of the rod. As viewed from above, the direction of the bullet’s velocity makes an angle of 60o with the rod. If the bullet lodges in the rod and the angular velocity of the rod is 10 rad/s immediately after the collision, what is the magnitude of the bullet’s velocity just before the impact? [2]

Solution:


4. The tendon in your foot exerts a force of magnitude 720N. Determine the Torque (magnitude and direction)of this force about the ankle joint:

Solution:


5. A woman whose weight is 530N is poised at the right end of a diving board with a length of 3.90 m. The board has negligible weight and is bolted down at the left end, while being supported 1.40m away by a fulcrum. Find the forces that the bolt and the fulcrum respectively exert on the board.

Solution:


6. A 5.0m long horizontal beam weighing 315N is attached to a wall by a pin connection that allows the beam to rotate. Its far end is supported by a cable that makes an angle of 53 degrees with the horizontal, and a 545 N person is standing 1.5m from the wall. Find the force in the cable, Ft, and the force is exerted on the beam by the wall, R, if the beam is in equilibrium.


Solution:

Connectedness

This principle directly relates to the bio-mechanical techniques used by various types of athletes, it can thus for example be incorporated into a physical analysis of extreme sports. Athletes (figure skaters, skateboarders, etc.) are able to employ this principle to increase the rates of rotation of there bodies without having to generate any net force. Given that [math]\displaystyle{ L_{tot} = L_{trans} + L_{rot} }[/math], and assuming that a change in [math]\displaystyle{ L_{trans} }[/math] is trivial, it follows that [math]\displaystyle{ L_{rot, f} = L_{rot, i} }[/math]. Specifically, [math]\displaystyle{ \omega_{f} \cdot I_{f} = \omega_{i} \cdot I_{i} }[/math]. This relation implies that the athlete in question should be able to either increase or reduce their angular velocity by decreasing or increasing his or her moment of inertia respectively. Generally, this is accomplished by voluntarily cutting the distance between bodily appendages and the athlete's center of mass. In the example of a figure skater for instance, the moment of inertia is decreased by bringing in the arms and legs closer to the center of the body. Additionally, the athlete might crouch down in order to further decrease the total distance from his or her body’s center of mass. As a result, an inversely proportional change in the angular velocity of the athlete’s motion will occur, causing the speed of the athletes rotation either increase or decrease. [3] 

                                [4]

An immediate industrial example of a zero-torque system is alluded to in example problem two above. The zero-torque system is a very important method of abstraction in the field of control systems engineering. In particular, this perspective is instrumental for calculating selection factors for clutching and braking systems. Though often offered as separate components, their function are often combined into a single unit. When starting or stopping, they transfer energy between an output shaft and an input shaft through the point of contact. By considering the input shaft, output shaft and engagement mechanism as a closed system, researchers are enabled to make calculations that can inform them on how to engineer systems of progressively greater efficiency in regard to the mechanical advantage unique to different type of engagement system.[5] [6]

History

The empirical analysis of what might now be described as “zero-torque systems” by various natural philosophers pointed towards the principles of angular momentum and torque long before they were formulated in Newton’s Principia. The principle of torque was indicated as early as Archimedes (c. 287 BC - c.212 BC) who postulated the law of the lever. As written below, it essentially describes an event in which zero net torque on a system results in zero angular momentum(4).[7] Much later on in 1609, the astronomer Johannes Kepler announced his discovery that planets followed an elliptical pattern around the Sun. Specifically, he claimed to have found that "a radius vector joining any planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time." Mathematically, this area, [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{1}{2} \cdot r \cdot v \cdot sin(\theta) }[/math] is proportional to angular momentum [math]\displaystyle{ r \cdot v \cdot sin(\theta) }[/math]. It was Newton's endeavor to find an analytical solution for Kepler’s observations that lead to the derivation of his second law, The Momentum Principle, in the late 1600s.[8]

See also

http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/The_Moments_of_Inertia http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Systems_with_Nonzero_Torque http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/The_Angular_Momentum_Principle http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Torque http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Predicting_the_Position_of_a_Rotating_System


Further Reading

Matter and Interactions, 4th edition, Volume 1.



External links

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/v/constant-angular-momentum-when-no-net-torque

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whVCEIfTT0M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeB4aAVQMug


References

  1. ↑ Browne, Michael E. "Angular Momentum." Physics for Engineering and Science. Third ed. McGraw Hill Education, 2013. 134. Print.
  2. ↑ https://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~gan/teaching/spring99/C12.pdf.Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  3. ↑ Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Angular Momentum." Matter & Interactions. 4rth ed. Vol. 1 : Modern Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012. 434,440. Print.
  4. ↑ http://qctimes.com/news/local/young-ice-skaters-shine-at-u-s-figure-skating-event/image_37e22f34-2c3a-5445-84cb-54972b525ad8.html. Retrieved December 3.2015.
  5. ↑ http://www.controleng.com/single-article/selection-factors-for-clutches-amp-brakes/9fbd9f3d184754e5ced13817eff2c659.html. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  6. ↑ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Car_clutch.png. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  7. ↑ http://www.britannica.com/biography/Archimedes. Retrieved December 3. 2015.
  8. ↑ Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Angular Momentum." Matter & Interactions. 4rth ed. Vol. 1 : Modern Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012. 434,440. Print.
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