The Third Law of Thermodynamics: Difference between revisions
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'''Claimed by Emma Gele, Fall | '''Claimed by Emma Gele, Fall 2025''' | ||
This page describes the Third Law of Thermodynamics, which relates the absolute entropy of a system to its temperature. This principle | This page describes the Third Law of Thermodynamics, which relates the absolute entropy of a system to its temperature. This principle helps us to understand the behavior of materials at very low temperatures. | ||
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The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero temperature is exactly zero. | The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero temperature is exactly zero. | ||
Entropy (<math>S</math>) is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. | Entropy (<math>S</math>) is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. | ||
Temperature (<math>T</math>) is measured in Kelvin. | Temperature (<math>T</math>) is measured in Kelvin. | ||
The principle can be expressed as: | The principle can be expressed as: | ||
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where: | where: | ||
<math>S</math> is the entropy of the system | <math>S</math> is the entropy of the system | ||
<math>T</math> is the absolute temperature | <math>T</math> is the absolute temperature | ||
This implies that as a system approaches absolute zero, its thermal motion ceases, and it reaches a unique ground state with minimal disorder. | This implies that as a system approaches absolute zero, its thermal motion ceases, and it reaches a unique ground state with minimal disorder. | ||
<ol> <li>At very low temperatures, the heat capacities of solids approach zero because no more energy levels are accessible to the system.</li> <li>Chemical reactions near absolute zero will have entropies approaching fixed, predictable values, helping chemists calculate equilibrium conditions.</li> <li>Absolute zero cannot be reached in practice because extracting all thermal energy from a system would require infinite steps, consistent with the Third Law.</li> </ol> | |||
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What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings. | What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings. | ||
===A Computational Model=== | ===A Computational Model=== | ||
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript] | How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript] | ||
==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
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Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why. | Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why. | ||
The Third Law was independently formulated by Walther Nernst in the early 20th century. He observed that chemical reactions slow and effectively stop as temperature approaches absolute zero, leading to the Nernst Heat Theorem, which states that the entropy change of a chemical reaction approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero. | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context? | Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context? | ||
* [[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]] | |||
::(directly relates to how entropy behaves) | |||
* [[First Law of Thermodynamics]] | |||
::(if you're wondering about the other laws of thermodynamics) | |||
* [[Temperature]] | |||
::(for understanding absolute zero) | |||
* [[Thermal Energy]] | |||
::(for understanding energy behavior near absolute zero) | |||
* [[Specific Heat]] | |||
::(a consequence of the Third Law, specific heats drops as T → 0) | |||
* [[Thermal Energy, Dissipation, and Transfer of Energy]] | |||
* [[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]] | |||
* [[Transformation of Energy]] | |||
===Further reading=== | ===Further reading=== | ||
Atkins, Peter, and Julio de Paula. Physical Chemistry. 10th Edition. 2014. | |||
Callen, Herbert. Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics. 2nd Edition. 1985. | |||
: | |||
: | |||
===External links=== | |||
Chemistry For Everyone - What Is The Third Law Of Thermodynamics In Chemistry? | |||
:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvBMugd5pPM | |||
:(classic crash course style summary of the topic) | |||
Chemistry For Everyone - Who Discovered The Third Law Of Thermodynamics? | |||
:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PT6AqeXTw4k | |||
:(some historical background) | |||
Khan Academy – “The Laws of Thermodynamics” | |||
:https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/a/thermodynamics-article | |||
:(introduces all three laws, including the behavior of entropy near absolute zero) | |||
== | ChemLibreTexts – “13.6: The Third Law of Thermodynamics” | ||
:https://chem.libretexts.org | |||
:(a more in-depth explanation with simple diagrams) | |||
OpenStax University Physics – Thermodynamics Chapter | |||
:https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/3-1-thermodynamic-systems | |||
:(a textbook overview of thermodynamic systems) | |||
==References== | |||
Khan Academy – “The Laws of Thermodynamics” | |||
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/a/thermodynamics-article | |||
Science Direct - Third Law of Thermodynamics | |||
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/third-law-of-thermodynamics | |||
Chemistry For Everyone - What Is The Third Law Of Thermodynamics In Chemistry? | |||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvBMugd5pPM | |||
Chemistry For Everyone - Who Discovered The Third Law Of Thermodynamics? | |||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PT6AqeXTw4k | |||
OpenStax University Physics – Thermodynamics Chapter | |||
https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/3-1-thermodynamic-systems | |||
ChemLibreTexts – “Third Law of Thermodynamics” | |||
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.6%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics | |||
[[Category: | [[Category: Week 10]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:26, 3 December 2025
Claimed by Emma Gele, Fall 2025
This page describes the Third Law of Thermodynamics, which relates the absolute entropy of a system to its temperature. This principle helps us to understand the behavior of materials at very low temperatures.
The Main Idea
The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero temperature is exactly zero.
Entropy ([math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math]) is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.
Temperature ([math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math]) is measured in Kelvin.
The principle can be expressed as:
[math]\displaystyle{ S \rightarrow 0 \quad \text{as} \quad T \rightarrow 0 , \text{K} }[/math]
where:
[math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is the entropy of the system
[math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math] is the absolute temperature
This implies that as a system approaches absolute zero, its thermal motion ceases, and it reaches a unique ground state with minimal disorder.
- At very low temperatures, the heat capacities of solids approach zero because no more energy levels are accessible to the system.
- Chemical reactions near absolute zero will have entropies approaching fixed, predictable values, helping chemists calculate equilibrium conditions.
- Absolute zero cannot be reached in practice because extracting all thermal energy from a system would require infinite steps, consistent with the Third Law.
A Mathematical Model
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example [math]\displaystyle{ {\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net} }[/math] where p is the momentum of the system and F is the net force from the surroundings.
A Computational Model
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here Teach hands-on with GlowScript
Examples
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible
Simple
Middling
Difficult
Connectedness
- How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
- How is it connected to your major?
- Is there an interesting industrial application?
History
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.
The Third Law was independently formulated by Walther Nernst in the early 20th century. He observed that chemical reactions slow and effectively stop as temperature approaches absolute zero, leading to the Nernst Heat Theorem, which states that the entropy change of a chemical reaction approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.
See also
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?
- (directly relates to how entropy behaves)
- (if you're wondering about the other laws of thermodynamics)
- (for understanding absolute zero)
- (for understanding energy behavior near absolute zero)
- (a consequence of the Third Law, specific heats drops as T → 0)
- Thermal Energy, Dissipation, and Transfer of Energy
- The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
- Transformation of Energy
Further reading
Atkins, Peter, and Julio de Paula. Physical Chemistry. 10th Edition. 2014.
Callen, Herbert. Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics. 2nd Edition. 1985.
External links
Chemistry For Everyone - What Is The Third Law Of Thermodynamics In Chemistry?
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvBMugd5pPM
- (classic crash course style summary of the topic)
Chemistry For Everyone - Who Discovered The Third Law Of Thermodynamics?
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PT6AqeXTw4k
- (some historical background)
Khan Academy – “The Laws of Thermodynamics”
- https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/a/thermodynamics-article
- (introduces all three laws, including the behavior of entropy near absolute zero)
ChemLibreTexts – “13.6: The Third Law of Thermodynamics”
- https://chem.libretexts.org
- (a more in-depth explanation with simple diagrams)
OpenStax University Physics – Thermodynamics Chapter
- https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/3-1-thermodynamic-systems
- (a textbook overview of thermodynamic systems)
References
Khan Academy – “The Laws of Thermodynamics” https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/a/thermodynamics-article
Science Direct - Third Law of Thermodynamics https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/third-law-of-thermodynamics
Chemistry For Everyone - What Is The Third Law Of Thermodynamics In Chemistry? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvBMugd5pPM
Chemistry For Everyone - Who Discovered The Third Law Of Thermodynamics? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PT6AqeXTw4k
OpenStax University Physics – Thermodynamics Chapter https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/3-1-thermodynamic-systems
ChemLibreTexts – “Third Law of Thermodynamics” https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.6%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics