Stern-Gerlach Experiment: Difference between revisions
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Written by Hunter Legerton | |||
[[File:Stern-Gerlach_experiment.PNG|thumb|Silver atoms travel through the non-uniform magnetic field and are deflected to only two specific locations rather than in a continuous range]] | [[File:Stern-Gerlach_experiment.PNG|thumb|Silver atoms travel through the non-uniform magnetic field and are deflected to only two specific locations rather than in a continuous range]] | ||
In 1922, German physicists Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach sent silver atoms through a non-uniform magnetic field into a detector screen. Based on their understanding of the orientation of magnetic dipoles, Stern and Gerlach expected the atoms to be deflected varying amounts, creating an even range of impacts on the detector screen. However, the atoms were deflected either up or down to two points of accumulation. This experiment, now known as the Stern-Gerlach Experiment, demonstrated angular momentum quantization and the quantum property spin. | In 1922, German physicists Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach sent silver atoms through a non-uniform magnetic field into a detector screen. Based on their understanding of the orientation of magnetic dipoles, Stern and Gerlach expected the atoms to be deflected varying amounts, creating an even range of impacts on the detector screen. However, the atoms were deflected either up or down to two points of accumulation. This experiment, now known as the Stern-Gerlach Experiment, demonstrated angular momentum quantization and the quantum property spin. | ||
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When a beam of silver atoms were sent through the non-uniform magnetic field, Stern and Gerlach expected the atoms to act as magnetic dipoles and, depending on their orientation, to be deflected in a continuous range. However, it was proven that the atoms had a quantum property, spin, that determined the angular momentum of the electrons as either up or down, much like a classically spinning object but only for certain values (specifically spin +ħ/2 or spin −ħ/2 where ħ is the reduced [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant Planck Constant], ''h'' / 2''π'') | When a beam of silver atoms were sent through the non-uniform magnetic field, Stern and Gerlach expected the atoms to act as magnetic dipoles and, depending on their orientation, to be deflected in a continuous range. However, it was proven that the atoms had a quantum property, spin, that determined the angular momentum of the electrons as either up or down, much like a classically spinning object but only for certain values (specifically spin +ħ/2 or spin −ħ/2 where ħ is the reduced [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant Planck Constant], ''h'' / 2''π'') | ||
Therefore, we know that magnetic materials get their magnetic dipole moments from electron spin, and therefore many materials with up/down pairs of electrons do not have magnetic dipole moments. | |||
===A Mathematical Model=== | ===A Mathematical Model=== | ||
The Stern-Gerlach Experiment relies heavily on the uncertainty principle, | The Stern-Gerlach Experiment relies heavily on the uncertainty principle, | ||
:: <math>\sigma_{x}\sigma_{p} \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}</math> | |||
the Dirac equation, which describes spin-1/2 particles (such as an electron with +1/2 or -1/2 spin) | |||
:: <math>\left(\beta mc^2 + c\left(\sum_{n \mathop =1}^{3}\alpha_n p_n\right)\right) \psi (x,t) = i \hbar \frac{\partial\psi(x,t) }{\partial t} </math> | |||
and the Pauli equation, which works with the Dirac equation to describe the effects of electromagnetic field on spin: | |||
:: <math>\left[ \frac{1}{2m}(\boldsymbol{\sigma}\cdot(\mathbf{p} - q \mathbf{A}))^2 + q \phi \right] |\psi\rangle = i \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} |\psi\rangle </math> | |||
= | And it is known that the magnetic dipole moment is related to angular momentum (L = r x p), | ||
= | :: <math>μ=\frac{1}{2} \frac{e}{m} L ≈ \frac{1}{2} \frac{e}{m} ℏ </math> | ||
==Connectedness== | ==Connectedness== | ||
The Stern-Gerlach had immense implications on the discovery and understanding of quantized properties. Many later developments of modern physics heavily relied on the conclusions of this experiment. Several later experiments aimed to extend the Stern-Gerlach findings and eventually led to the science behind atomic clocks and [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]] (MRI) Machines. | |||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey,_Jr. Norman Foster Ransey, Jr.]'s experiments with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Rabi Isidor Rabi]'s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi_Oscillation Rabi oscillations] led to the discovery that atomic states can be changed using radio frequency fields, the basis for atomic clock timekeeping. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern Otto Stern] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gerlach Walther Gerlach] conducted the experiment in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1922. At the time of the experiment, the Bohr model was the predominant atomic model describing electron atomic orbitals. The specified energy levels at which electrons exist is known as space quantization, just as the specified angular momentum of electrons is spin quantization. The experiment was actually conducted before the theory of electron spin was proposed by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit in 1926. The experiment, along with laying the foundation for electron spin, has been called the most direct evidence of quantization in quantum mechanics and the best demonstration of quantum measurement. | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
The Stern-Gerlach experiment had huge implications on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics atomic measurement], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(physics) quantization], and our understanding of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_moment magnetic moment]. | |||
===Further reading=== | ===Further reading=== | ||
[[File:Quantum spin and the Stern-Gerlach experiment.ogv]] | |||
[[File:Quantum spin and the Stern-Gerlach experiment.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Video explaining quantum spin versus classical magnet in the Stern–Gerlach experiment]] | |||
===External links=== | ===External links=== | ||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rg4Fnag4V-E | |||
==References== | |||
== | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rg4Fnag4V-E | ||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waK4eKNXB4A | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(physics) | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_moment | |||
Chabay, R., & Sherwood, B. (2015). Matter & interactions (4th ed., Vol. 2). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. | |||
[ | [Magnetic Dipole Moment] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:21, 5 December 2015
Written by Hunter Legerton
In 1922, German physicists Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach sent silver atoms through a non-uniform magnetic field into a detector screen. Based on their understanding of the orientation of magnetic dipoles, Stern and Gerlach expected the atoms to be deflected varying amounts, creating an even range of impacts on the detector screen. However, the atoms were deflected either up or down to two points of accumulation. This experiment, now known as the Stern-Gerlach Experiment, demonstrated angular momentum quantization and the quantum property spin.
The Main Idea
File:Quantum spin and the Stern-Gerlach experiment.ogv
When a beam of silver atoms were sent through the non-uniform magnetic field, Stern and Gerlach expected the atoms to act as magnetic dipoles and, depending on their orientation, to be deflected in a continuous range. However, it was proven that the atoms had a quantum property, spin, that determined the angular momentum of the electrons as either up or down, much like a classically spinning object but only for certain values (specifically spin +ħ/2 or spin −ħ/2 where ħ is the reduced Planck Constant, h / 2π)
Therefore, we know that magnetic materials get their magnetic dipole moments from electron spin, and therefore many materials with up/down pairs of electrons do not have magnetic dipole moments.
A Mathematical Model
The Stern-Gerlach Experiment relies heavily on the uncertainty principle,
- [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma_{x}\sigma_{p} \geq \frac{\hbar}{2} }[/math]
the Dirac equation, which describes spin-1/2 particles (such as an electron with +1/2 or -1/2 spin)
- [math]\displaystyle{ \left(\beta mc^2 + c\left(\sum_{n \mathop =1}^{3}\alpha_n p_n\right)\right) \psi (x,t) = i \hbar \frac{\partial\psi(x,t) }{\partial t} }[/math]
and the Pauli equation, which works with the Dirac equation to describe the effects of electromagnetic field on spin:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \left[ \frac{1}{2m}(\boldsymbol{\sigma}\cdot(\mathbf{p} - q \mathbf{A}))^2 + q \phi \right] |\psi\rangle = i \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} |\psi\rangle }[/math]
And it is known that the magnetic dipole moment is related to angular momentum (L = r x p),
- [math]\displaystyle{ μ=\frac{1}{2} \frac{e}{m} L ≈ \frac{1}{2} \frac{e}{m} ℏ }[/math]
Connectedness
The Stern-Gerlach had immense implications on the discovery and understanding of quantized properties. Many later developments of modern physics heavily relied on the conclusions of this experiment. Several later experiments aimed to extend the Stern-Gerlach findings and eventually led to the science behind atomic clocks and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Machines.
Norman Foster Ransey, Jr.'s experiments with Isidor Rabi's Rabi oscillations led to the discovery that atomic states can be changed using radio frequency fields, the basis for atomic clock timekeeping.
History
Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach conducted the experiment in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1922. At the time of the experiment, the Bohr model was the predominant atomic model describing electron atomic orbitals. The specified energy levels at which electrons exist is known as space quantization, just as the specified angular momentum of electrons is spin quantization. The experiment was actually conducted before the theory of electron spin was proposed by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit in 1926. The experiment, along with laying the foundation for electron spin, has been called the most direct evidence of quantization in quantum mechanics and the best demonstration of quantum measurement.
See also
The Stern-Gerlach experiment had huge implications on atomic measurement, quantization, and our understanding of magnetic moment.
Further reading
File:Quantum spin and the Stern-Gerlach experiment.ogv
File:Quantum spin and the Stern-Gerlach experiment.ogv
External links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rg4Fnag4V-E
References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rg4Fnag4V-E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waK4eKNXB4A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(physics) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_moment
Chabay, R., & Sherwood, B. (2015). Matter & interactions (4th ed., Vol. 2). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
[Magnetic Dipole Moment]