William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)

Created by Yasmin Martins

Lord Kelvin

Personal Life

William Thomson was born in College Square East, Belfast, Ireland on June 26, 1824. He was the second-born of four children. His mother passed when he was six years old. His family moved to Glasgow when Thomson was eight years old. His father worked as a math professor at the University of Glasgow, so Thomson began attending classes there at the age of ten. Thomson learned French when he was a teenager and read Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier’s theory of heat, which he argued was wrong, and was later proven to be right. Thomson studied at Cambridge University from 1841 to 1845. Thomson became a Professor of Natural Philosophy a year after he graduated from Cambridge. He taught for 53 years and launched the first college physics laboratory. William Thomson was knighted in 1866 by Queen Victoria as Lord Kelvin for laying the first submarine cable. He died at the age of 88 in Scotland and is buried in Wesminster Abbey, next to Sir Isaac Newton.

Scientific Contributions

The Kelvin Scale

Lord Kelvin noticed that molecules stopped moving at a temperature, absolute zero. He suggested making a temperature scale based off this temperature. Absolute zero is 0°K and -273.15°C. The Kelvin scale came in handy with superconductors, material that can conduct electricity usually only at very low temperatures.

On the Dynamical Theory of Heat

In one of his papers from 1851, “On the Dynamical Theory of Heat,” Lord Kelvin outlined the relation between work and heat, “heat is not a substance, but a dynamical form of mechanical effect, we perceive that there must be an equivalence between mechanical work and heat, as between cause and effect.” This led to the new science called thermodynamics.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law states that heat cannot be transferred from a colder substance to a hotter substance. Lord Kelvin’s statement in the second law was, “There is no process whose only effect is to accept heat from a single heat reservoir and transform it entirely into work.” His statement proved that it is not possible for a heat engine to be 100% productive because some heat from a high-temperature energy source would be transformed into work and some would just be lost in the process.

Inventions

Mirror Galvanometer

Mirror Galvanometer

Lord Kelvin was assigned in 1856 to work for the Atlanta Telegraph Company to install a transatlantic telegraph cable. Their first attempt in 1857 was a bust, but soon Kelvin enhanced the mirror galvanometer, a tool that measured electric currents in a cable by shining a light beam with a mirror whenever it came across an electric current. His mirror galvanometer was much more sensitive and able to detect even the slightest defects in a cable. This allowed his team to finally succeed in 1866.

Kelvin's Sounding Machine

Marine Instruments

Lord Kelvin was very interested in all things relating to the sea. He helped advance marine instruments, such as the mariner’s compass. His enhancement made the compass more steady and accurate. Friction did not affect the compass the way it had in the past. Lord Kelvin also worked on improving the astronomical clock, a clock that reveals the location of the sun, planets, and stars. His version in 1869 was the most accurate astronomical clock of his time. Lord Kelvin also created a sounding machine in 1876. This machine was designed to measure the depth of water under a boat.

Connectedness

I am an Industrial Engineering major, so my job is to optimize the workplace. Kelvin's optimization of the temperature scale serves as an inspiration to me and to all Industrial Engineers.

See also

Further reading

Thomson, William, Treatise on Natural Philosophy, 1867

Thomson, William, On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, 1851

Lindley, David, Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Genius, Invention, and Tragedy, 2004

External links

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/lord-kelvin/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/kelvin_lord.shtml

http://inventors.about.com/od/kstartinventions/a/Lord_Kelvin.htm

References

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/lord-kelvin/discoveries.html

http://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Thomson-Baron-Kelvin

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Kelvin.html