Free Body Diagram

Main Idea

A free body diagram, or force diagram, is a rough sketch that shows the relative magnitude and direction of all the forces acting on a system. There are various forces that can be acting on the object, such as applied force, frictional force, normal force, and gravitational force. A free body diagram allows for analysis in a steady state condition, where there can be no acceleration or a constant acceleration on a system.

An Example Sketch and Free Body Diagram

All forces in a free body diagram are due to the system's interactions with its surroundings. Especially when problems become complicated and involve different forces acting on multiple objects, free body diagrams can be extremely effective in making problems simpler to handle. Using a free body diagram, one can solve for an unknown force acting on the body or the net acceleration after identifying all of the forces acting on it.

Mathematical Model

Since a free body diagram is a snapshot of a steady state, there is no net acceleration or a constant net acceleration when we are modeling a free body diagram. Therefore, we can use Newton's First Law (an object in an inertial frame at rest or moving with constant velocity, will continue to do so until acted upon by a net force), Newton's Second Law (the net force on an object is equivalent to the object's mass multiplied by its net acceleration) and Newton's Third Law (for every force there is an equal and opposite reactionary force) to create a system of equations to describe and gain new information about the steady state:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum \mathbf{F} = m \mathbf{a} = m \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} }[/math] (Newton's Second Law)

Additionally, if the net acceleration is equivalent to 0, which means the object is either at rest or moving with constant velocity, then:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum \mathbf{F} = m \mathbf{a} = m \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} = \mathbf{0} }[/math] (Newton's First Law)

Also, if it is known the net acceleration is 0 or one or more components of the net acceleration are 0, for example a_x and a_y, then the components of the forces along those directions must be balanced. (Newton's First and Third Laws)

Using these strategies, a large set of force related problems can be solved.

Computational Model

The following is a VPython model of the acceleration of a box as it moves down an inclined plane with negligible friction. The box starts at the top of the inclined plane, which is given by [math]\displaystyle{ pos = (5,5,5) }[/math], as shown by the accompanying diagram.

IMPORT STATEMENTS

from __future__ import division

from visual import *

import math

INITIAL CONDITIONS

scene.width = 1024

scene.height = 760

time = 0 #Time in seconds

dtime = .1 #The time will be iterated through every .1 seconds

init_pos = vector(0, 5, 5) #The initial position is at (x, y, z) = (0, 5, 5) meters

init_vel = vector(0, 0, 0) #The intial velocity is (0, 0, 0)

cube = box(pos = init_pos, length = 1, height = 1, width = 1) #Create a cube at the initial position

mass_cube = 10 #The mass of the cube is 10 kg

theta = 45 #The angle between the horizontal and the hypotneuse of the inclined plane is 45 degrees

force_gravity = mass_cube * 9.81 #Force of gravity on the cube in Newtons

thetaRads = math.radians(theta) #Convert degrees to radians

force_normal = force_gravity * math.cos(thetaRads)#Newton's First and Second Laws #The x-axis is chosen to be along the hypotenuse of the inclined plane, and the y-axis is chosen to be along the normal to the hypotenuse.

F_y = force_normal - force_gravity * math.cos(thetaRads) #This is equal to 0

F_x = force_gravity * math.sin(thetaRads) #The only force acting along the chosen x-axis is the component of the gravitational force parallel to the hypotenuse

a_x = F_x / mass_cube

ITERATE THROUGH TIME TO FOLLOW THE MOVEMENT OF THE CUBE DOWN THE INCLINED PLANE

while cube.pos.x < 5:

   rate(200)
   velocity = vector(init_vel.x + (dtime * a_x), init_vel.y, init_vel.z)
   position = vector(cube.pos.x + (dtime * velocity.x), cube.pos.y + (dtime * velocity.y), cube.pos.z  + (dtime * velocity.z))
   cube.pos = position
   trail.append(pos = cube.pos)
   time = time + dtime
   print(cube.pos)

How To Draw a Free Body Diagram

Establish a Convenient Coordinate System

Before beginning to analyze a system, it is important to choose an appropriate coordinate system (an x and y plane) that will be the most convenient to avoid dealing with complicated angles of forces and difficult algebra and trigonometry. This is especially true when dealing with angled forces where tilting the x and y plane could make solving for resulting forces a lot easier, such as on an inclined plane. Also, in order to maintain consistency with direction amongst various people solving the same system, an x-y coordinate system can ensure that anyone solving the same system will end up with the same directions on their forces.

This is an example of how establishing a coordinate system can make solving/identifying forces easier

Identify the System

Often times, you will be faced with single and multi particle systems where bodies within that system will be interacting with/exerting forces on each other. For example, a block is resting on top of a larger block, and both are moving down a ramp. In that case, analyzing the top block versus the bottom block will result in different free body diagrams. Therefore, identifying which part of the system you are analyzing before beginning to draw a free body diagram will allow for a more efficient solving process.

List and identify all surroundings that interact with the system

Although we usually think of these interactions in terms of force names, it's best to get in the habit of identifying the force AND the object that specifically causes that force. For example, the force of gravity on a block could be caused by the earth or a normal force could be caused by a second block and another normal force could be caused by the table. Identifying forces by the specific objects that cause them helps us not forget where the forces belong.

Types of Forces to Consider for Free Body Diagrams

Disclaimer: Not all of these forces will be present in every situation. These are not all of the possible forces; These are very common ones.

• Applied Force:
  • Symbol: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_A} }[/math]
  • Force applied to the system by a person or other object.
• Force of Friction:
  • Symbol: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_f} }[/math]
  • Force that a surface applies on the system that is moving (or trying to move) on that surface.
  • Formula: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{f}} = \mu \mathbf{N} }[/math]
    • [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{N} = }[/math] Normal Force
    • [math]\displaystyle{ \mu = }[/math] Coefficient of Friction
• Force of Gravity:
  • Symbol: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_g} }[/math]
  • Force that, on Earth, will act downward toward the center of the Earth. In general, gravity is the attraction of any mass to any other mass.
  • Formula: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_g} = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{r^2}{\hat{\mathbf{r}}} }[/math]
    • This can be shown to be equal to [math]\displaystyle{ m\mathbf{g} }[/math] near the Earth's surface.
    • [math]\displaystyle{ G = 6.7 \times 10^{-11}\ \frac{Nm^2}{{kg}^2} }[/math] (Gravitational Constant)
    • [math]\displaystyle{ M_1 = }[/math] Mass 1
    • [math]\displaystyle{ M_2 = }[/math] Mass 2
    • [math]\displaystyle{ r = }[/math] Displacement between Masses 1 and 2
    • [math]\displaystyle{ {\hat{\mathbf{r}}} = }[/math] Unit vector in direction of Displacement between the Masses
    • [math]\displaystyle{ m = }[/math] Mass of object on Earth
    • [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{g} = 9.8\ m/s^2 }[/math] (on earth)
• Normal Force:
  • Symbol: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_N} }[/math]
  • Force that is present when the system is on another object or surface, and the object or surface is exerting a force on the system as support.
• Spring Force
  • Symbol: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_s} }[/math]
  • Force that is exerted by a spring on any system that is attached to it.
  • Formula: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_s} = -k\mathbf{x} }[/math] (Hookian Spring)
    • [math]\displaystyle{ k = }[/math] Spring constant ([math]\displaystyle{ \ \frac{N}{m} }[/math])
    • [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{x} = }[/math] Displacement from the spring's equilibrium position
• Force of Tension:
  • Symbol: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_T} }[/math] or [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T} }[/math]
  • Force that exists when a rope, string, wire, etc. is pulling on the system.

Side Note: Now that we've touched on frictional forces, it is important to understand the types of frictional forces. Frictional forces include two types: static friction and dynamic (kinetic) friction. These two types of friction have different coefficients of friction, usually represented by [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_s }[/math] for static friction and [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_k }[/math] for dynamic (kinetic friction.

• Static Friction refers to the frictional force while the object is stationary. An external net force higher than this static frictional force is required to move the object.
• Dynamic (Kinetic) Friction refers to the frictional force while the object is in motion. For example, the object may experience a frictional force with the ground while it is moving along the ground.

Draw a diagram with the system at the center

1. Use a dot to represent the system, OR
2. You can draw the details of the system (Draw a block, car, etc.)
3. Draw the conveniently oriented coordinate system on the free body diagram or next to the it
4. Draw the system's relevant force vectors with correct relative magnitude and direction, pointing away from the dot or detailed drawing

Label all Forces With a Symbol

Symbols are useful to quickly represent the name of the force and identify them by the object causing the force. Refer to Common Symbols for Forces.

Break forces into their components as needed.

If a force is acting diagonal to the system, create a dashed line parallel and perpendicular to the system and label it as the x and y components of that force. Use sine(θ) or cosine(θ) as needed.

General Tips:

• If an object has constant speed, it means the object has no acceleration. Since net force is the rate of change of acceleration, net force in that direction would then be zero. This means that there are either no forces currently acting on the object, or there are equal, opposite forces acting on the object in that direction. To represent this in a free body diagram, draw forces as arrows pointing in opposite directions with equal lengths.
• Don't be confused by contact forces. Most of the time, contact force is an umbrella term that includes other types of forces. If you had a block on a ramp, you could draw the contact force as being diagonal to the ramp. Or, if you wanted to break it into its components which are easier to consider, you would draw the Normal force caused by the ramp pushing up as a perpendicular arrow, and the force of Friction caused by the ramp as a parallel arrow (see image to the upper right).

Sum the forces

Once you have drawn the free body diagram and broken the forces into components along the convenient x-y axis (if needed), then it is time to use Mathematical Model to create a system of equations summing the forces in the x and y directions and then set them equal to the correct value, such as 0 if there is no acceleration in that direction or [math]\displaystyle{ m\mathbf{a} }[/math].

Examples

In this section we will go step by step through 3 illustrative examples, increasing in difficulty as we go.

Simple

A person with a mass of [math]\displaystyle{ M }[/math] rides up to the 20th floor of their apartment building in an elevator moving at constant velocity. Create a free body diagram to represent this situation. Using your free body diagram, use Newton's Second Law to create a force equation for the system. Make sure to keep track of the relative magnitudes of the forces and indicate these magnitudes by the length of the arrow.

Answer

We start by drawing a free body diagram with correct relative magnitudes and directions of the Normal Force and the Gravitational Force. The normal force is always normal (perpendicular or orthogonal) to the surface, whether the surface is angled or not. Gravity always acts downwards on Earth. Therefore, there is no need to create a different, convenient coordinate plane. A horizontal x-axis and vertical y-axis will suffice. These are the only two forces acting on the person because nothing else is pushing on the person, and friction is not being taken into account. We know the normal force must be present due to the person not falling through the floor (due to the always present gravitational force). We can also reason that these forces must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

A Sketch

A Free Body Diagram

Next, we use Newton's Second Law to begin our analysis:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum\mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a} }[/math]

Next, we notice the problem states that the person moves with a constant velocity upwards, therefore there is no acceleration in any direction, and the net force must be equal to [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{0} }[/math]:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum\mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a} = \mathbf{0} }[/math]

The normal force and gravitational force can be described as:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_g} = \begin{bmatrix} |\mathbf{F_g}| \ \text{cos}(180^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{F_g}| \ \text{sin}(180^\text{o}) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ -|\mathbf{F_g}| \end{bmatrix} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_N} = \begin{bmatrix} |\mathbf{F_N}| \ \text{cos}(90^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{F_N}| \ \text{sin}(90^\text{o}) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ |\mathbf{F_N}| \end{bmatrix} }[/math]

Next, putting the free body diagram and Newton's Second Law together gives:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum\mathbf{F} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ \mathbf{|F_N|} \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ -\mathbf{|F_g|} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} }[/math]

Therefore, it is possible to simplify the above to show that the gravitational force is exactly opposite in direction and equal in magnitude:

[math]\displaystyle{ |\mathbf{F_g}| = |\mathbf{F_N}| }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ |\mathbf{F_N}| = Mg }[/math]

We have fully done what the problem asked.

Middling

A ball with mass [math]\displaystyle{ m }[/math] is hanging tautly from two strings of negligible mass, each of which are connected to the ceiling. To the left of the ball, one string has a tension [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_1} }[/math] and makes an angle of [math]\displaystyle{ 20^\text{o} }[/math] with the ceiling, and on the right of the ball, the other string has a tension [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_2} }[/math] and creates an angle of [math]\displaystyle{ 45^\text{o} }[/math] with the ceiling. Both angles are measured from the ceiling to the inner side of the string. Refer to the diagram for any confusion. Create a free body diagram to model this situation. Also, create a system of force equations. Hint: x and y components will be needed for this problem.

Answer

To draw the free body diagram it is better to first draw a sketch of the system. In the sketch we see the string to the left ([math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_1} }[/math]) of the ball makes an angle of [math]\displaystyle{ 20^\text{o} }[/math] with the ceiling, and the string to the right ([math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_2} }[/math]) of the ball makes an angle [math]\displaystyle{ 45^\text{o} }[/math] with the ceiling. For the free body diagram, we first draw the force of gravity pointing straight downwards. This force should have the longest arrow due to the fact that the strings are supporting this force...therefore, it can be reasoned that this force should be greater than either of the tensions in the strings for the given angles. Next, we draw the tension forces, which point away from the ball along each respective string. [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_2} }[/math] should be longer than [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_1} }[/math] due to the fact that the tensions must balance each other along the x-axis and the y-component of [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_2} }[/math] must be greater than the y-component of [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_1} }[/math].

A Sketch

A Free Body Diagram

Now, we are ready to use Newton's First and Second Laws to create a system of force equations:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum\mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a} }[/math]

Since the ball is hanging tautly, it must NOT be moving. Therefore, the velocity and acceleration must both be [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{0} }[/math]:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum\mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a} = \mathbf{0} }[/math]

Next, we choose the x-axis to be horizontal, and the y-axis to be vertical, as in a typical coordinate system, since it is convenient.

Now, we begin specifically identifying the forces and their components using right triangles:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_g} = \begin{bmatrix} |\mathbf{F_g}| \ \text{cos}(180^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{F_g}| \ \text{sin}(180^\text{o}) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ -|\mathbf{F_g}| \end{bmatrix} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_1} = \begin{bmatrix} -|\mathbf{T_1}| \ \text{cos}(20^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{T_1}| \ \text{sin}(20^\text{o})\end{bmatrix} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{T_2} = \begin{bmatrix} -|\mathbf{T_2}| \ \text{cos}(45^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{T_2}| \ \text{sin}(45^\text{o})\end{bmatrix} }[/math]

Next, we use Newton's Second Law to sum these forces. Since the ball is not moving, we can set this summation equal to [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{0} }[/math]:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum\mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a} = \mathbf{0} = \mathbf{F_g} + \mathbf{T_1} + \mathbf{T_2} }[/math]

This is equivalent to:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ -|\mathbf{F_g}| \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} -|\mathbf{T_1}| \ \text{cos}(20^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{T_1}| \ \text{sin}(20^\text{o})\end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} -|\mathbf{T_2}| \ \text{cos}(45^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{T_2}| \ \text{sin}(45^\text{o})\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} }[/math]

Hence, we have done what the question asked and are done with this problem.

Difficult

A father pushes his son's sled horizontally with a force [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_A} }[/math] all the way down a hill on a sled of mass [math]\displaystyle{ M }[/math]. The son has a mass [math]\displaystyle{ m }[/math]. The son/sled system is accelerating down the hill. Assume the hill is shaped like an inclined plane with an angle to the horizontal ground of [math]\displaystyle{ 35^{\text{o}} }[/math] and that friction works against the sled with a coefficient of dynamic (kinetic) friction [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_k }[/math]. Draw a free-body diagram. Using your free body diagram, write a system of equations that could be used to solve for the acceleration of the son/sled system.

Answer

We start with a sketch. In this sketch, we create an inclined plane with the the specified [math]\displaystyle{ 35^{\text{o}} }[/math] angle, with the dad behind the kid pushing the sled down the hill. Some forces to be thinking about in this situation are the normal force, the applied force of the dad, the frictional force opposing the motion, and the gravitational force pulling the system straight down. To begin the free body diagram, we draw a circle to symbolize the son/sled system. Next, we draw the gravitational force as straight down, as it will always be in these Earth situations. Its length should be longer than the normal force. Otherwise, it shouldn't be compared to the other forces. Next are the frictional force and the normal force. The normal force should be normal to the inclined plane, and the frictional force should be parallel to the inclined plane, but opposite the direction of motion. Finally, the applied force of the dad should be parallel to the flat ground. The free body diagram has been created. Now, we must create a system of equations that could be solved for the acceleration of the son/sled system.

A Sketch

A Free Body Diagram

To begin, we draw an x-y plane, where the y-axis runs along the the normal force and the x-axis runs along the frictional force. This will simplify the representation of these two forces, as well as represent the gravitational force with just a couple trigonometric functions. The applied force will have the same done to it.

Newton's Second Law states the net force on a system is equal to the mass of the system times the acceleration:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum \mathbf{F} = m_{system}\mathbf{a} }[/math]

We are told the son/sled system is accelerating, therefore the above equation can NOT be set equal to [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{0} }[/math].

We also know the son/sled system should have a combined mass of [math]\displaystyle{ M + m }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ M }[/math] is the mass of the sled and [math]\displaystyle{ m }[/math] is the mass of the son, as stated in the problem:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum \mathbf{F} = m_{system}\mathbf{a} = (M + m) \mathbf{a} }[/math]

The angle [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_A} }[/math] makes with the chosen x-axis is [math]\displaystyle{ 35^{\text{o}} }[/math]. This can be seen from the sketch. The angle the gravitational force makes with the chosen y-axis is also [math]\displaystyle{ 35^{\text{o}} }[/math]. This can also be seen in the sketch. Therefore, the four forces considered in this system can be described as:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_g} = \begin{bmatrix} |\mathbf{F_g}| \ \text{cos}(35^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{F_g}| \ \text{sin}(35^\text{o})\end{bmatrix} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_A} = \begin{bmatrix} |\mathbf{F_A}| \ \text{cos}(35^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{F_A}| \ \text{sin}(35^\text{o}) \end{bmatrix} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_f} = \begin{bmatrix} |\mathbf{F_f}| \ \text{cos}(180^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{F_f}| \ \text{sin}(180^\text{o}) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -|\mathbf{F_f}| \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_N} = \begin{bmatrix} |\mathbf{F_N}| \ \text{cos}(90^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{F_N}| \ \text{sin}(90^\text{o}) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ |\mathbf{F_N}| \end{bmatrix} }[/math]

Using Newton's Second Law, we know that:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_{net}} = \sum \mathbf{F} = m_{system}\mathbf{a} = (M + m) \mathbf{a} = \mathbf{F_g} + \mathbf{F_A} + \mathbf{F_f} + \mathbf{F_N} }[/math]

This is equivalent to:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{a} = \frac{\begin{bmatrix} |\mathbf{F_g}| \ \text{cos}(35^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{F_g}| \ \text{sin}(35^\text{o})\end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} |\mathbf{F_A}| \ \text{cos}(35^\text{o}) \\ |\mathbf{F_A}| \ \text{sin}(35^\text{o}) \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} -|\mathbf{F_A}| \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ |\mathbf{F_N}| \end{bmatrix}}{M+m} }[/math]

Thus we have done what the problem asked.

Connectedness

Free body diagrams are the building blocks for many scientists, physicists, engineers and have many applications in the real world. They form the basis for determining a device's or building's structural stability, safety, and overall practicality.

Medical Applications

There have recently been many advances in medicine in terms of wearables and prosthetic limbs that function just like normal body parts for either congenital defects or accident recovery. Let's take a look at a leg prosthetic. While walking, a prosthetic exerts many forces on your leg such as: the force of gravity, normal force from the ground, frictional force, etc. Prosthetics move like springs, while your body moves forward it also moves up and down which causes changes in kinetic energy due to movement and changes in gravitational potential energy. While it contracts and relaxes, different energies are converted back and forth into kinetic and potential energy. In order to analyze all the forces on a prosthetic to ensure it's safety and usability, the most basic step when designing one is a free body diagram.

Buildings and Trusses

Many civil engineers and architects are responsible for building trusses, bridges, and buildings which function using the basic concepts of physics. It is important to ensure that components of a truss and bridge are in equilibrium so that one day they don't collapse. When building a truss bridge, engineers put straight members in place that form the bridge's top and bottom, and they are linked by a structure of diagonals and vertical posts. For trusses especially, all the components must remain in equilibrium, the magnitudes of forces exerted must be equal, and the components in tension and compression must be identified. In order to create a proper structure, a free body diagram must be used by engineers in the preliminary stages for design and safety purposes.

History

Free Body Diagrams were developed alongside Newtonian physics, as a graphical way to analyze what forces were acting on a system, and how the system would react. Because of their widespread usefulness, free body diagrams have not fallen out of favor with scientists and engineers.

Free body diagrams have been used as a teaching and real world tool for well over a century.

See Also

Further Reading

Inclined Plane

Compression or Normal Force

Tension

Gravitational Force

Spring Force

Hooke's Law

Net Force

External Links

Forces Mental Map

Newton's Second Law

Using Free-Body Diagrams to Solve Kinematics Problems

References

Matter and Interactions: Modern Mechanics. Volume One. 4th Edition.

http://demos.smu.ca/index.php/demos/mechanics/141-free-body-diagram

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/freeb.html

https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/physics/tp1502/construction-of-free-body-diagrams

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/newtlaws

https://sites.google.com/a/cpsdigital.org/peraplegic/human-prosthetics

http://slideplayer.com/slide/6086550/ - Tilted Axis Image

http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/dyna/rt/printerFriendly/30749/39025 - Prosthetic Limb Image

http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/engineering-mechanics/241-finding-resulatnt-vertical-forces-acting-fink-truss - Truss Image