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:What is relativity? Succinctly put, it is the notion that the laws of physics are the same everywhere. We here on Earth obey the same laws of light and gravity as someone in a far off corner of the universe.
==Special Relativity==
:The universality of physics means that history is provincial. Different viewers will see the timing and spacing of events differently. What for us is a million years may just be a blink of an eye for someone flying in a high speed rocket or falling into a black hole.
It's all relative.
==Definition==
:Special relativity came first and is based on the speed of light being constant for everyone. Einstein came to this conclusion in 1905 after experimental evidence showed that the speed of light didn't change as the Earth swung around the Sun. This result was surprising to physicists because the speed of most other things does depend on what direction the observer is moving.


:Einstein said that all observers will measure the speed of light to be 186,000 miles per second, no matter how fast and what direction they are moving."If you are in a spaceship that is traveling at the speed of light, and you turn on the headlights, does anything happen?"
Einstein's Theory of Special relativity is a theory used to describe space and time for observers at different speeds based on an invariant speed of light. His theory consists of two postulates from which consequences arose that changed our understanding of spacetime.


:The answer is the headlights turn on normally, but only from the perspective of someone inside the spaceship. For someone standing outside watching the ship fly by, the headlights do not appear to turn on: light comes out but it takes an eternity for the beams to get ahead of the spaceship.
[[File:200px-World_line.svg.png|200px|thumb|Spacetime Diagram]]


:These contradictory versions arise because rulers and clocks —If the speed of light is to be held constant as Einstein said, then time and space cannot be absolute; they must be subjective. For instance, a 100-foot-long spaceship traveling at 99.99 percent the speed of light will appear one foot long to a stationary observer, but it will remain its normal length for those onboard.
===Einstein's Postulates===
Einstein's theory of special relativity results from two statements -- the two basic postulates of special relativity:


:Perhaps even weirder, time passes slower the faster one goes. If a twin rides in the speeding spaceship to some distant star and then comes back, she will be younger than her sister who stayed on Earth.
#Speed of Light Postulate: The speed of light, c, is the same for all observers, no matter what their relative speeds.   c = 299,792,458 m/s
#The Relativity Postulate: The laws of physics are the same in any inertial (that is, non-accelerated) frame of reference. This means that the laws of physics observed by a hypothetical observer traveling with a relativistic particle must be the same as those observed by an observer who is stationary in the laboratory.


:Mass, too, depends on speed. The faster an object moves, the more massive it becomes. In fact, no spaceship can ever reach 100 percent of the speed of light because its mass would grow to infinity. This relationship between mass and speed is often expressed as a relationship between mass and energy: E=mc^2, where E is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light.
Given these two statements, Einstein showed how definitions of momentum and energy must be refined and how quantities such as length and time must change from one observer to another in order to get consistent results for physical quantities such as particle half-life.
 
[[File:733a1857c551ba67e3f9edf771a9efd6.png]]
 
===Relativistic vs. Nonrelativistic===
To determine whether Special Relativity is necessary to describe the motion of a particle, we must look at the ratio of its speed to that of the speed of light.
 
If the ratio between the velocity of a particle, <math>v</math>, and the speed of light, <math>c</math>, is close to one, typically defined as <math>\frac{v}{c} \geq .1 </math>, then the particle is moving at relativistic speeds, and Special Relativity must be used to describe the motion of the object. If not, it is moving at non-relativistic speeds, then Newtonian mechanics is sufficient to describe the particle.
 
[[File:Relativistic_vs_nonrelativistic.png]]
 
==History==
 
Prior to Special Relativity, Maxwell's Equations were inconsistent with Newtonian mechanics. Albert Einstein then sought out to correct mechanics to be consistent with Maxwell's Equations.
 
On September 26, 1905 (received June 30), Einstein published his annus mirabilis paper on what is now called special relativity. Einstein's paper includes a fundamental new definition of space and time (all time and space coordinates in all reference frames are on an equal footing, so there is no physical basis for distinguishing "true" from "apparent" time) and makes the aether an unnecessary concept, at least in regard to inertial motion. Einstein identified two fundamental principles, the principle of relativity and the principle of the constancy of light (light principle), which ostensibly served as the axiomatic basis of his theory. [http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html]
 
With the following consequences for the speed of light and the theories known at that time:
 
*The speed of light is not composed of the speed of light in vacuum and the velocity of a preferred frame of reference, by b. This contradicts the theory of the (nearly) stationary aether.
*The speed of light is not composed of the speed of light in vacuum and the velocity of the light source, by a and c. This contradicts the emission theory.
*The speed of light is not composed of the speed of light in vacuum and the velocity of an aether that would be dragged within or in the vicinity of matter, by a, c, and d. This contradicts the hypothesis of the complete aether drag.
*The speed of light in moving media is not composed of the speed of light when the medium is at rest and the velocity of the medium, but is determined by Fresnel's dragging coefficient, by c.
 
===Michelson-Morley Experiment===
 
The Michelson-Morley Experiment published the initial null result of the aether, essentially providing evidence against the aether. This came as a severe shock to the scientific community, as Maxwell's equations relied on the presence of an aether. One physicist, Hendrik Lorentz, then created a mathematical transformation, called the Lorentz Transform, which allowed the lengths in the direction of motion to contract by a factor, which we now refer to as gamma. This Lorentz Transform forced path lengths to be equal and phase shifts to be zero. However, there was no insight as to why this was true.
 
Einstein himself did not know of the Michelson-Morley Experiment, as his reasoning was purely to reconcile Maxwell's equations from inconsistency with Newtonian Mechanics. However, Lorentz transforms fit in perfectly with special relativity, and although their physical basis was unknown when Lorentz created them, they are now understood physically.
 
[[File:The-setup-of-the-Michelson---Morley-Experiment.png]]
 
==Mathematics of Special Relativity==
 
The thought experiment[https://youtu.be/wteiuxyqtoM] Einstein used was that of 2 observers, observer A in a train, observer B on a platform. As the center of the train passes Observer B, he views 2 bolts of lightning strike both the front and back of the train simultaneously. However, Observer A is sitting midway of the train and views a bolt of lighting strike the front and then the back of the train. Who is right?
 
According to Einstein, both are right.
 
[[File:Einstein_train_relativity_of_simultaneity2.png]]
 
We will now derive the math to be able to have a dictionary between these 2 equivalent reference frames. We will be able to derive these by using the Speed of Light postulate.
 
===Time Dilation===
[[File:TD 3564.jpg]]
 
From Time Dilation, we now have found a constant gamma:
====Gamma(γ)====
The measurable effects of relativity are based on gamma. Gamma depends only on the speed of a particle and is always larger than 1.
 
By definition: [[File:Eq-gamma.gif]]  c is the speed of light and v is the speed of the object in question.
 
[[File:gamma.GIF]]
 
===Length Contraction===
 
[[File:LC 3565.jpg]]
 
Illustration of length contraction in direction of motion:
 
[[File:tallball.jpg]]
 
====Simulation====
Trinket Simulation:
[https://trinket.io/python/ca38e9a838]
 
Graphical Glowscript Simulation: (because Trinket SUCKS!)
[https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/mrheadhunter34/folder/MyPrograms/program/LengthContraction]
 
===Relativistic Energy===
[[File:RE 3566.jpg]]
 
==Examples==
 
===Simple===
 
'''Problem'''
 
[[File:제목_없음.png]]
 
'''Solution'''
 
[[File:Solutionsnns.png]]
 
----
 
===Middling===
 
'''Problem'''
 
[[File:Problemssssssss.png]]
 
'''Solution'''
 
[[File:SOUIJOD.png]]
 
 
----
 
===Difficult===
 
'''Problem'''
 
[[File:Last_one.png]]
 
 
'''Solution'''
 
[[File:solution to 2.png]]
 
 
----
 
==Real World Connections of Special Relativity==
 
Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity is connected to the general relativity. The movie "Interstellar" made me interested about the Einstein's Theorem. It is not directly related to Business major, but there are some interesting industrial applications.
[[File:fdec5296af306a388a1f9e36c1ad1f.jpg|thumb|Telescopes around the Earth]]
 
Built at a cost of over $10 billion mainly for military navigation, GPS has rapidly transformed itself into a thriving commercial industry. The system is based on an array of 24 satellites orbiting the earth, each carrying a precise atomic clock. Apart from the obvious military uses, GPS is finding applications in airplane navigation, oil exploration, wilderness recreation, bridge construction, sailing, and interstate trucking, to name just a few.
 
The satellite clocks are moving at 14,000 km/hr in orbits that circle the Earth twice per day, much faster than clocks on the surface of the Earth, and Einstein's theory of special relativity says that rapidly moving clocks tick more slowly, by about seven microseconds (millionths of a second) per day.
 
[[File:Car-gps-accidents-2.jpg]]
 
Also, the orbiting clocks are 20,000 km above the Earth, and experience gravity that is four times weaker than that on the ground. Einstein's general relativity theory says that gravity curves space and time, resulting in a tendency for the orbiting clocks to tick slightly faster, by about 45 microseconds per day. The net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day. [http://physicscentral.com/explore/writers/will.cfm]
 
To determine its location, the GPS receiver uses the time at which each signal from a satellite was emitted, as determined by the on-board atomic clock and encoded into the signal, together the with speed of light, to calculate the distance between itself and the satellites it communicated with. The orbit of each satellite is known accurately. Given enough satellites, it is a simple problem in Euclidean geometry to compute the receiver's precise location, both in space and time. To achieve a navigation accuracy of 15 meters, time throughout the GPS system must be known to an accuracy of 50 nanoseconds, which simply corresponds to the time required for light to travel 15 meters.
 
[[File:110503_garmin-gps.jpg]]
 
GPS accounts for relativity by electronically adjusting the rates of the satellite clocks, and by building mathematical corrections into the computer chips which solve for the user's location. Without the proper application of relativity, GPS would fail in its navigational functions within about 2 minutes.


==Occurrence==
==What is Loretz Factor==
==Special Relativity in Dynamics==
==Interesting Facts About Special Relativity==
==Interesting Facts About Special Relativity==
*Philosopher David Hume's 1738 "A Treatise of Human Nature" was a big influence on Einstein's thinking about space and time. Hume was an empiricist and skeptic, believing that scientific concepts must be based on experience and evidence, not reason alone. He also held that time did not exist separately from the movement of objects. '''"It is very well possible that without these philosophical studies I would not have arrived at the solution,"''' Einstein wrote.[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html]
[[File:6060770-M.jpg|thumb|David Hume's Treatise of Human Nature]]
*In 1905, Albert Einstein based a new theory on two principles. First, the laws of physics appear the same to all observers. Second, he calculated that the speed of light-186,000 miles per second (299,338 kilometers per second)- is unchanging. Prior to Einstein, scientists believed that space was filled with luminiferous aether that would cause the speed of light to change depending on the relative motion of the source and the observer.
[[File:Tumblr mthl0xR4h71sp14uwo2 1280.jpg|thumb|Time Lapse]]
*As a result of these principles, Einstein deduced that there is no fixed frame of reference in the universe. Everything is moving relative to everything else, hence Einstein's theory of relativity. It is known as special relativity because it applies only to special cases: frames of reference in constant, unchanging motion. In 1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity, which applies to frames that are accelerating with regard to each other.[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html]
*A fast-moving object appears shorter along the direction of motion, relative to a slow-moving one. This effect is very subtle until the object travels close to the speed of light.
*As a result of [[File:733a1857c551ba67e3f9edf771a9efd6.png]], a fast-moving object appears to have increased masses relative to a slow-moving one. This is due to the fact that increasing an object's velocity increases its kinetic energy and, therefore, its mass.[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html]
== See also ==
===Further reading===
*[http://relativity.livingreviews.org/ Living reviews in relativity] - An article about relativity theorem with numerical values
*[http://www.mathpages.com/rr/rrtoc.htm Reflections on Relativity] - A book about Einstein's Theory of Relativity with detail explanations
===External links===
*[http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/lorentz.htm Sixty Symbols]-A Youtube video for time dilation using gamma factor
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_relativistic_equations List of relativistic equations]-A list of relativistic equations and its explanation
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_relativity Principle of relativity]
*[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special_Relativity Speical Relativity]
==References==
#[http://pages.towson.edu/zverev/conceptual/14.htm Towson University]
#[http://pages.towson.edu/zverev/conceptual/14.htm Towson University]
#[http://physicscentral.com/explore/writers/will.cfm Physics Central]
#[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html  Space.com]
#[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html  Space.com]
#[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html  Space.com]
#[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html  Space.com]
[[Category:Speical Relativity]]

Latest revision as of 20:44, 28 September 2022

claimed by Arihant Gadgade Spring 2022

Special Relativity

Einstein's Theory of Special relativity is a theory used to describe space and time for observers at different speeds based on an invariant speed of light. His theory consists of two postulates from which consequences arose that changed our understanding of spacetime.

Spacetime Diagram

Einstein's Postulates

Einstein's theory of special relativity results from two statements -- the two basic postulates of special relativity:

  1. Speed of Light Postulate: The speed of light, c, is the same for all observers, no matter what their relative speeds. c = 299,792,458 m/s
  2. The Relativity Postulate: The laws of physics are the same in any inertial (that is, non-accelerated) frame of reference. This means that the laws of physics observed by a hypothetical observer traveling with a relativistic particle must be the same as those observed by an observer who is stationary in the laboratory.

Given these two statements, Einstein showed how definitions of momentum and energy must be refined and how quantities such as length and time must change from one observer to another in order to get consistent results for physical quantities such as particle half-life.

Relativistic vs. Nonrelativistic

To determine whether Special Relativity is necessary to describe the motion of a particle, we must look at the ratio of its speed to that of the speed of light.

If the ratio between the velocity of a particle, [math]\displaystyle{ v }[/math], and the speed of light, [math]\displaystyle{ c }[/math], is close to one, typically defined as [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{v}{c} \geq .1 }[/math], then the particle is moving at relativistic speeds, and Special Relativity must be used to describe the motion of the object. If not, it is moving at non-relativistic speeds, then Newtonian mechanics is sufficient to describe the particle.

History

Prior to Special Relativity, Maxwell's Equations were inconsistent with Newtonian mechanics. Albert Einstein then sought out to correct mechanics to be consistent with Maxwell's Equations.

On September 26, 1905 (received June 30), Einstein published his annus mirabilis paper on what is now called special relativity. Einstein's paper includes a fundamental new definition of space and time (all time and space coordinates in all reference frames are on an equal footing, so there is no physical basis for distinguishing "true" from "apparent" time) and makes the aether an unnecessary concept, at least in regard to inertial motion. Einstein identified two fundamental principles, the principle of relativity and the principle of the constancy of light (light principle), which ostensibly served as the axiomatic basis of his theory. [1]

With the following consequences for the speed of light and the theories known at that time:

  • The speed of light is not composed of the speed of light in vacuum and the velocity of a preferred frame of reference, by b. This contradicts the theory of the (nearly) stationary aether.
  • The speed of light is not composed of the speed of light in vacuum and the velocity of the light source, by a and c. This contradicts the emission theory.
  • The speed of light is not composed of the speed of light in vacuum and the velocity of an aether that would be dragged within or in the vicinity of matter, by a, c, and d. This contradicts the hypothesis of the complete aether drag.
  • The speed of light in moving media is not composed of the speed of light when the medium is at rest and the velocity of the medium, but is determined by Fresnel's dragging coefficient, by c.

Michelson-Morley Experiment

The Michelson-Morley Experiment published the initial null result of the aether, essentially providing evidence against the aether. This came as a severe shock to the scientific community, as Maxwell's equations relied on the presence of an aether. One physicist, Hendrik Lorentz, then created a mathematical transformation, called the Lorentz Transform, which allowed the lengths in the direction of motion to contract by a factor, which we now refer to as gamma. This Lorentz Transform forced path lengths to be equal and phase shifts to be zero. However, there was no insight as to why this was true.

Einstein himself did not know of the Michelson-Morley Experiment, as his reasoning was purely to reconcile Maxwell's equations from inconsistency with Newtonian Mechanics. However, Lorentz transforms fit in perfectly with special relativity, and although their physical basis was unknown when Lorentz created them, they are now understood physically.

Mathematics of Special Relativity

The thought experiment[2] Einstein used was that of 2 observers, observer A in a train, observer B on a platform. As the center of the train passes Observer B, he views 2 bolts of lightning strike both the front and back of the train simultaneously. However, Observer A is sitting midway of the train and views a bolt of lighting strike the front and then the back of the train. Who is right?

According to Einstein, both are right.

We will now derive the math to be able to have a dictionary between these 2 equivalent reference frames. We will be able to derive these by using the Speed of Light postulate.

Time Dilation

From Time Dilation, we now have found a constant gamma:

Gamma(γ)

The measurable effects of relativity are based on gamma. Gamma depends only on the speed of a particle and is always larger than 1.

By definition: c is the speed of light and v is the speed of the object in question.

Length Contraction

Illustration of length contraction in direction of motion:

Simulation

Trinket Simulation: [3]

Graphical Glowscript Simulation: (because Trinket SUCKS!) [4]

Relativistic Energy

Examples

Simple

Problem

Solution


Middling

Problem

Solution



Difficult

Problem


Solution



Real World Connections of Special Relativity

Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity is connected to the general relativity. The movie "Interstellar" made me interested about the Einstein's Theorem. It is not directly related to Business major, but there are some interesting industrial applications.

Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/bin/convert: No such file or directory Error code: 127
Telescopes around the Earth

Built at a cost of over $10 billion mainly for military navigation, GPS has rapidly transformed itself into a thriving commercial industry. The system is based on an array of 24 satellites orbiting the earth, each carrying a precise atomic clock. Apart from the obvious military uses, GPS is finding applications in airplane navigation, oil exploration, wilderness recreation, bridge construction, sailing, and interstate trucking, to name just a few.

The satellite clocks are moving at 14,000 km/hr in orbits that circle the Earth twice per day, much faster than clocks on the surface of the Earth, and Einstein's theory of special relativity says that rapidly moving clocks tick more slowly, by about seven microseconds (millionths of a second) per day.

Also, the orbiting clocks are 20,000 km above the Earth, and experience gravity that is four times weaker than that on the ground. Einstein's general relativity theory says that gravity curves space and time, resulting in a tendency for the orbiting clocks to tick slightly faster, by about 45 microseconds per day. The net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day. [5]

To determine its location, the GPS receiver uses the time at which each signal from a satellite was emitted, as determined by the on-board atomic clock and encoded into the signal, together the with speed of light, to calculate the distance between itself and the satellites it communicated with. The orbit of each satellite is known accurately. Given enough satellites, it is a simple problem in Euclidean geometry to compute the receiver's precise location, both in space and time. To achieve a navigation accuracy of 15 meters, time throughout the GPS system must be known to an accuracy of 50 nanoseconds, which simply corresponds to the time required for light to travel 15 meters.

GPS accounts for relativity by electronically adjusting the rates of the satellite clocks, and by building mathematical corrections into the computer chips which solve for the user's location. Without the proper application of relativity, GPS would fail in its navigational functions within about 2 minutes.

Interesting Facts About Special Relativity

  • Philosopher David Hume's 1738 "A Treatise of Human Nature" was a big influence on Einstein's thinking about space and time. Hume was an empiricist and skeptic, believing that scientific concepts must be based on experience and evidence, not reason alone. He also held that time did not exist separately from the movement of objects. "It is very well possible that without these philosophical studies I would not have arrived at the solution," Einstein wrote.[6]
David Hume's Treatise of Human Nature
  • In 1905, Albert Einstein based a new theory on two principles. First, the laws of physics appear the same to all observers. Second, he calculated that the speed of light-186,000 miles per second (299,338 kilometers per second)- is unchanging. Prior to Einstein, scientists believed that space was filled with luminiferous aether that would cause the speed of light to change depending on the relative motion of the source and the observer.
Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/bin/convert: No such file or directory Error code: 127
Time Lapse
  • As a result of these principles, Einstein deduced that there is no fixed frame of reference in the universe. Everything is moving relative to everything else, hence Einstein's theory of relativity. It is known as special relativity because it applies only to special cases: frames of reference in constant, unchanging motion. In 1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity, which applies to frames that are accelerating with regard to each other.[7]
  • A fast-moving object appears shorter along the direction of motion, relative to a slow-moving one. This effect is very subtle until the object travels close to the speed of light.
  • As a result of , a fast-moving object appears to have increased masses relative to a slow-moving one. This is due to the fact that increasing an object's velocity increases its kinetic energy and, therefore, its mass.[8]

See also

Further reading

External links

References

  1. Towson University
  2. Towson University
  3. Physics Central
  4. Space.com
  5. Space.com
  6. Space.com
  7. Space.com