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Created and claimed by Joe Stapleton
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics.  This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook.  When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!


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Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was a Nobel Prize Winning, Dutch Physicist who is best known for his theory of electromagnetic radiation.  
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[[File:lorentz.jpg|thumb|Hendrik Lorentz.]]


== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource.  If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web.  Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]


== Organizing Categories ==
==Personal Life==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics.  You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed.  A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.
===Early Life and Education===


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was born in Arnhem, Netherlands, on July 18, 1853. He was the son of nursery-owner Gerrit Frederik Lorentz and wife nee Geertruida van Ginkel. Lorentz was a gifted student. By the time he was 9, he had already mastered the use of the table of logarithms and [http://www.famousscientists.org/hendrik-antoon-lorentz/] in 1866 when the first high school at Arnhem was opened, Lorentz was placed in 3rd form. After Lorentz finished his 5th form and a year of classics study, he entered University of Leyden in 1870 and obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and physics in 1871. He then returned to Arnhem in 1872 to become a night-school teacher while also working on his thesis about light diffraction. At the age of 22, Hendrik earned his doctor's degree in 1875 and three years he went on to be appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at Leydon. He remained loyal to his Alma Mater and continued to teach there for the rest of his life. Henry married Aletta Catharina Kaiser and together they had three children. Hendrik died on February 4, 1928 from a serious illness.
===Interactions===
[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/lorentz-bio.html]
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]] 
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]


</div>
==Major Contributions==
</div>
===Lorentz ether theory===
This theory which was can be traced back to Lorentz's "The theory of electrons" was based on the ether theory of Augstin-Jean Fresnel, the electron theory of Rudolf Clausius and Maxwell's equations. He tried to correct their errors in their ether theorie. From this, he found that the condition of the ether is able to be described by the electric field and magnetic field. [http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/lorentz_ether_theory]


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
He found that the electromagnetic field of ether appears as a mediator between electrons and changes to these fields can not move faster than the speed of light. He also introduced his idea of Lorentz transformations to combat this problem.[http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/lorentz_ether_theory]


===Theory===
====FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Also known as the "space contraction", the FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction is the shortening in the length of an object measured by an observer in which the object is traveling at a non-zero velocity. George FitzGerald and Hendrik conceived this idea to explain the negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment. Their statements implied but never mentioned the idea that electrostatic fields in motion are deformed. Their theory was deemed an ad hoc hypothesis because there was no evidence to support that electromagnetic forces behave in the same way as intermolecular forces. FitzGerald and Lorentz's implications eventually led to the formula:[http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/HEP/QuarkNet/length.html]  
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Big Bang Theory]]


"<math>L=\frac{L_{0}}{\gamma(v)}=L_{0}\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}}</math>


</div>
where:
</div>
:L is the length measured by an observer,
:<math>L_{0}</math> is the length of the object in its rest frame),
:v is the relative velocity between the observer and the moving object,
:c is the speed of light,
:<math>{\gamma(v)}</math> is the Lorentz factor. This is defined as
::<math>{\gamma(v)}=\frac1{\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}</math>
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction]


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">


===Notable Scientists===
====Lorentz Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Lorentz took James Maxwell's equations for a macroscopic phenomena and applied it to microscopic phenomena. Lorentz used the equations to conceive an expression for the force that a charged particle experiences in the presence of a given electric and magnetic fields. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.aspx]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
</div>
</div>


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<math>F=Q*v \times B</math>


===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Where:


===Contact Interactions===
:F- force in Newtons
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
:Q- charge in Coulombs
* [[Young's Modulus]]
:v- velocity of particle in meters/second
* [[Friction]]
:B- magnetic field in Telsas
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
</div>
</div>


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==Connectedness==


===Momentum===
Lorentz's work laid the foundation for Einstein and Einstein stated that Lorentz had been the greatest influence in his life. Einstein would use many of the concepts from Lorentz to create his theory of special relativity.[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.aspx] Lorentz force is also used to this day through various applications such as electric motor and the cyclotron. [http://digilander.libero.it/mfinotes/IVEuropeo/Physics/electricmotor.htm]
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
</div>
</div>


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">


===Angular Momentum===
== See also ==
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
:[[Albert Einstein]]
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
:[[Lorentz Force]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]
:[[James Maxwell]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]


</div>
===Further reading===
</div>
:-The Theory of electrons and its applications to the phenomena of light and radiant heat by Hendrik Lorentz
:-Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of lightby Hendrik Lorentz
:-Relativity: The Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">


===Energy===
===External links===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
:[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/lorentz-bio.html Lorentz's Nobelprize acceptance]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
:[http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/lorentz_ether_theory Lorentz Ether Theory]
*[[Predicting Change]]
:[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html Einsteins Theory of Relativity]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Quantized Energy Levels]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Relativistic Kinetic Energy]]
</div>
</div>


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">


===Collisions===
==References==
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
 
:1.http://www.famousscientists.org/hendrik-antoon-lorentz/
===Fields===
:2. "Hendrik A. Lorentz - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 1 Dec 2015. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/lorentz-bio.html>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
:3. http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/lorentz_ether_theory
* [[Electric Field]] of a
:4. http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/HEP/QuarkNet/length.html
** [[Point Charge]]
:5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction
** [[Electric Dipole]]
:6. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.aspx
** [[Capacitor]]
:7. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.aspx
** [[Charged Rod]]
:8. http://digilander.libero.it/mfinotes/IVEuropeo/Physics/electricmotor.htm
** [[Charged Ring]]
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
</div>
</div>
 
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 
===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers]]
*[[Kirchoff's Circuit Laws]]
</div>
 
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 
===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
 
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 
===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 
===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
*[[blahb]]
</div>
</div>
 
== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]]

Latest revision as of 22:05, 2 December 2015

Created and claimed by Joe Stapleton

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was a Nobel Prize Winning, Dutch Physicist who is best known for his theory of electromagnetic radiation.

Hendrik Lorentz.


Personal Life

Early Life and Education

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was born in Arnhem, Netherlands, on July 18, 1853. He was the son of nursery-owner Gerrit Frederik Lorentz and wife nee Geertruida van Ginkel. Lorentz was a gifted student. By the time he was 9, he had already mastered the use of the table of logarithms and [1] in 1866 when the first high school at Arnhem was opened, Lorentz was placed in 3rd form. After Lorentz finished his 5th form and a year of classics study, he entered University of Leyden in 1870 and obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and physics in 1871. He then returned to Arnhem in 1872 to become a night-school teacher while also working on his thesis about light diffraction. At the age of 22, Hendrik earned his doctor's degree in 1875 and three years he went on to be appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at Leydon. He remained loyal to his Alma Mater and continued to teach there for the rest of his life. Henry married Aletta Catharina Kaiser and together they had three children. Hendrik died on February 4, 1928 from a serious illness. [2]

Major Contributions

Lorentz ether theory

This theory which was can be traced back to Lorentz's "The theory of electrons" was based on the ether theory of Augstin-Jean Fresnel, the electron theory of Rudolf Clausius and Maxwell's equations. He tried to correct their errors in their ether theorie. From this, he found that the condition of the ether is able to be described by the electric field and magnetic field. [3]

He found that the electromagnetic field of ether appears as a mediator between electrons and changes to these fields can not move faster than the speed of light. He also introduced his idea of Lorentz transformations to combat this problem.[4]


FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction

Also known as the "space contraction", the FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction is the shortening in the length of an object measured by an observer in which the object is traveling at a non-zero velocity. George FitzGerald and Hendrik conceived this idea to explain the negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment. Their statements implied but never mentioned the idea that electrostatic fields in motion are deformed. Their theory was deemed an ad hoc hypothesis because there was no evidence to support that electromagnetic forces behave in the same way as intermolecular forces. FitzGerald and Lorentz's implications eventually led to the formula:[5]

"[math]\displaystyle{ L=\frac{L_{0}}{\gamma(v)}=L_{0}\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}} }[/math]

where:

L is the length measured by an observer,
[math]\displaystyle{ L_{0} }[/math] is the length of the object in its rest frame),
v is the relative velocity between the observer and the moving object,
c is the speed of light,
[math]\displaystyle{ {\gamma(v)} }[/math] is the Lorentz factor. This is defined as
[math]\displaystyle{ {\gamma(v)}=\frac1{\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}}} }[/math]

[6]


Lorentz Force

Lorentz took James Maxwell's equations for a macroscopic phenomena and applied it to microscopic phenomena. Lorentz used the equations to conceive an expression for the force that a charged particle experiences in the presence of a given electric and magnetic fields. [7]

[math]\displaystyle{ F=Q*v \times B }[/math]


Where:

F- force in Newtons
Q- charge in Coulombs
v- velocity of particle in meters/second
B- magnetic field in Telsas

Connectedness

Lorentz's work laid the foundation for Einstein and Einstein stated that Lorentz had been the greatest influence in his life. Einstein would use many of the concepts from Lorentz to create his theory of special relativity.[8] Lorentz force is also used to this day through various applications such as electric motor and the cyclotron. [9]


See also

Albert Einstein
Lorentz Force
James Maxwell

Further reading

-The Theory of electrons and its applications to the phenomena of light and radiant heat by Hendrik Lorentz
-Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of lightby Hendrik Lorentz
-Relativity: The Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein


External links

Lorentz's Nobelprize acceptance
Lorentz Ether Theory
Einsteins Theory of Relativity


References

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

1.http://www.famousscientists.org/hendrik-antoon-lorentz/
2. "Hendrik A. Lorentz - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 1 Dec 2015. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/lorentz-bio.html>
3. http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/lorentz_ether_theory
4. http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/HEP/QuarkNet/length.html
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction
6. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.aspx
7. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.aspx
8. http://digilander.libero.it/mfinotes/IVEuropeo/Physics/electricmotor.htm
Retrieved from "http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&oldid=9175"