Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory

Written by Megan Sales. CLAIMED BY GRACE NEWVILLE FALL 2016

A general description of "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field," proposed by Maxwell in 1865.

The Main Idea

James Clerk Maxwell developed his theory, with the help of Einstein's prior special relativity theory, that brought together two of the main concepts discussed in this class: electric fields and magnetic fields. These fields have largely been discussed separately, but when Maxwell's Equations were first introduced, the connections became more and more apparent. Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory brought about the deep relation between electric and magnetic fields, i.e. electromagnetic fields. Maxwell's theory proposed that electric and magnetic fields move as waves at the speed of light. This was the first time electricity, magnetism, and light had been related in such a way. Together, the four equations give a complete description of all of the spatial patters of magnetic and electric fields that are possible anywhere in space.

Brief Overview of Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50v75xPfhQI

A Mathematical Model

Maxwell Equations:

A Computational Model

Maxwell's equations can be used to model a multitude of scenarios. Check out this resource for several interesting demonstrations.

Examples

Gauss's Law Example

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0S7U6uldsc

Derivation

Lengthy, but very informative:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWI70HXrbG0

Connectedness

I first saw Maxwell's Equations in my thermodynamics class last semester. That is what prompted me to explore the theory behind them, as I had only used them in a practical application. That being said, this video shows the derivation of the equations for thermodynamics, something I use as a chemical engineer.

Maxwell's equations also have a direct industrial application. They are used in magnetic machines and to accurately predict electrical machine performance. They also led to the development of the Maxwell stress tensor.

History

When James Clerk Maxwell came out with his paper, "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field," in 1865, it was found hard to understand and widely ignored. Even so, it is one of the most important pieces of theory in our history. He himself downplayed the importance of his theory, putting more emphasis on Kelvin's vortex theory during his own address. Furthermore, it was hard to grasp the concept of intangible fields. Scientists, including Maxwell, tried to picture fields as tangible structures, but to use these mechanical models with the Maxwell equations, they had to be exceedingly complicated. Later, other physicists such as Hertz, Lorentz, and Einstein clarified his theory.

When the paper first was written, it was read to the Royal Society. It was next read and reviewed by many other notable physicists, all prior to its publication. Even once it was published, very few copies were produced.

There were originally 20 equations. These were reduced by Heaviside into 8 equations, and these later became the four equations we are familiar with.

See also

James Maxwell

Maxwell's Equations

Further reading

The theory itself:

http://www.ymambrini.com/My_World/History_files/maxwell_emf_1865.pdf

References

http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/em/dyson.pdf

http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1871/1807

http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/maxwell/