Inclined Plane

Claimed by Catherine Grey Spring 2017

The Main Idea

We typically know an inclined plane as a flat surface that is higher on one end aka a big triangle. Inclined planes are commonly used to move objects to a higher or lower place. These slopes help to lessen the force needed to move an object but do require the object to move a greater distance, the hypotenuse of the triangular plane. Some examples of inclined planes include ramps, stairs, wedges (such as a door stopper), or even mountains which people sled down.

A Mathematical Model

This figure illustrates most of the forces that could act on an inclined plane. Depending on the question not all will be present, specifically friction.

Variables:

θ = Angle of the plane to the horizontal
g = Acceleration due to gravity
m = Mass of object
N = Normal force (perpendicular to the plane)
F_f = frictional force of the inclined plane (sometimes it is omitted on test problems)
mgSinθ = A force parallel to the plane (mgSinθ > Ff the body slides down the plane)
mgCosθ = A force acting into the plane (opposite to N)
F_netparallel = The net parallel force acting on the object
F_{netperpendicular} = The net perpendicular force acting on the object

Equations:

[math]\displaystyle{ \ F_{net} = F_{net//} + F_{netperp} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \ F_{net//} = F_f - mgSinθ }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \ F_{netperp} = N -mgCosθ }[/math]

A Computational Model

Using GlowScript we are able to model a block on an inclined plane moving downward as it is being affected by gravity.

Technical Usage

Terminology

Let's imagine there is a right triangle. The side opposite to the right angle is a Slant. The side on the bottom is Run. The side vertical to the bottom is Rise.

Slope: A slope brings a mechanical advantage to the incline plane.

[math]\displaystyle{ \theta = \tan^{-1} \bigg( \frac {\text{Rise}}{\text{Run}} \bigg) \, }[/math]

Mechanical Advantage

Fw is a gravitational force that applies on the plane
Fi is a force exerted on the object and parallel to the plane

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathrm{MA} = \frac{F_w}{F_i}. \, }[/math]

if the inclined plane is frictionless,

[math]\displaystyle{ \text{MA} = \frac{F_w}{F_i} = \frac {1}{\sin \theta} \, }[/math] (in this case, [math]\displaystyle{ \sin \theta = \frac {\text{Rise}}{\text{Length}} \, }[/math])

if the inclined plane has a friction

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathrm{MA} = \frac {F_w}{F_i} = \frac {\cos \phi} { \sin (\theta - \phi ) } \, }[/math] (in this case, [math]\displaystyle{ \phi = \tan^{-1} \mu \, }[/math])

[math]\displaystyle{ \theta \lt \phi\, }[/math]: Downhill applied force is needed.

[math]\displaystyle{ \theta = \phi\, }[/math]: Infinite mechanical advantage.

[math]\displaystyle{ \theta \gt \phi\, }[/math]: The mechanical advantage is positive. Uphill force is needed.

History

An inclined plane is one of the six classical simplified machines defined by Renaissance scientists. They have been used for thousands of years to move large objects to a specific distance, such as with the potential creation Stonehenge or the formation of the Egyptian Pyramids. In the second century B.C., Archimedes began theorizing some of the properties associated with an inclined plane including its various applications. Then in the first century A.D., Hero of Alexandria went beyond Archimedes initial theories to further explain the functionality of an inclined plane. These theories then proved to be reality as the years went on and there were more advancements and functions applied to inclined planes.

See Also

Free Body Diagram
Normal Force

References

Cole, Matthew (2008). Explore science, 2nd Ed. Pearson Education. https://books.google.com/books?id=RhuciGEQ1G8C&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Mechanics/incline.html

Inclined Plane from Gale. ©2005-2006 Thomson Gale, a part of the Thomson Corporation. All rights reserved. http://www.bookrags.com/research/inclined-plane-woi/#gsc.tab=0