Transformation of Energy

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Claimed by Shalim6

This page expands on the ideas presented by the Conservation of Energy and discusses more in detail how energy changes form.

The Main Idea

Energy Transformation is the process in which energy changes from one form, to another. Examples of forms of energy includes: Kinetic, Chemical, Thermal, Gravitational Potential etc. When ever energy changes its form, there is no net loss of energy (Conservation of Energy). Virtually every process we engage in is accompanied by a transformation of energy. Some common everyday examples of energy transformation include, the chemical energy of coal being converted to thermal energy when burned or the conversion of light energy from the sun into electrical energy.

It is important to account for the efficiency of energy transformation. Every energy transformation is accompanied by some change in thermal energy. In other words, it is not possible to convert 100 J of chemical energy to 100 J of kinetic energy, some of that chemical energy will be converted to thermal energy. This is due to friction mainly.

Energy Transformation in Energy Systems

In the figure on the right, there is a candle being burned. When something is burned, the energy stored within the chemical bonds that make of the object are broken and energy is released. In the figure, the chemical of the energy of the candle is being converted into both heat and light. Practically, it would be much more useful if 100% of the chemical energy of the candle was converted to light (the whole point of a candle!). If this were the case, either the candle would burn much brighter, or burn longer, since energy is no longer being wasted as heat. As stated above however, this process is not 100% efficient, and thus, some energy will inevitably will be converted to heat energy.

A Mathematical Model

If we assume that no energy is being converted to work, then we can simply say E_initial = E_final. Note that E initial and E final don't specify what form energy takes, merely that their intensities are equal in Joules when summed.

A Computational Model

The vpython model on the right depicts a space probe orbiting the earth and moon. The probe is under the influence of the earth and moon's gravity and has it's own initial velocity. The graph on the left shows the kinetic energy of the space probe plotted against the gravitational potential between the space probe and the earth + moon system. The yellow line represents the kinetic energy, the blue line represents the gravitational potential, and the green line represents the these two values added together.

The important part of this demonstration is the conversion of energy. This is a theoretical situation so there is no energy loss as heat. Kinetic energy is being converted to potential energy and vice-versa as you follow you graph. It is important to note that the kinetic energy and potential energy are freely converted between each other freely as the space probe orbits.

Examples

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

Simple

A candle has 500 J of chemical energy stored in it's wick. After some time, when the entire candle is burned and all the chemical energy is expended,it is found that the candle released 480 J of heat energy. Assuming that the candle only released heat and light energy when it was burned,how much light energy was released by the candle when it was burned?

Since the candle is completely burned, all its chemical energy is completely converted. The problem states that all this energy is converted to either heat or light energy. It is also stated that 480 J of heat energy was released. Therefore, we can write the equation

J chemical energy = J heat energy + J light energy

Thus, 500 = 480 + J light energy

So J light energy = 20 J

Middling

When a person runs a conversion of energy takes place. In this example, use the earth and the person as the system. Write an equation that actually depicts the change in energy of the person and earth system as the person runs down a slope and then write an equation for when the person jumps. Assume that the only forms of energy in this equation are gravitational potential, chemical energy, heat, and kinetic energy.

Since humans utilize energy in the form of chemical energy, we start off with a change in chemical energy. When the person accelerates and begins to run, some of the internal chemical energy is converted into kinetic energy. Remember from above that in any change in energy form, some thermal energy is also produced. Notice however, that the person is also running down a slope. This means that the gravitational potential energy between the earth and the person is decreasing. But what is this energy being converted to? The gravitational energy is most likely not forming new chemical bonds in the person's body so it's not chemical energy. It is however possible that this gravitational energy is being converted to kinetic energy, and of course, heat. So we have two sources of kinetic energy, the person converting chemical energy into kinetic energy as well as the earth "pulling the person" downhill increasing his kinetic energy.

We can then write our equation as E chemical + E potential = E kinetic (From chemical) + E kinetic (from gravity) + E heat

Difficult

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