Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy

Main Idea

In many cases, analyzing the kinetic energy of an object is in fact more difficult than just applying the formula [math]\displaystyle{ K = \cfrac{1}{2}mv^2 }[/math]. When you throw a ball, for example, the ball is traveling through the air, but will also rotate around its own axis. When analyzing more complicated movements like this one, it is necessary to break kinetic energy into different parts and analyze each one separately.

The kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass of the object is called the translational kinetic energy. In terms of the example above, this would be the kinetic energy of the movement of the center of mass of the ball through the air.

The kinetic energy associated to the rotation or vibration of the atoms of the object around its center or axis is called the relative kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is the energy of the ball rotating on its own axis. If this is difficult to visualize, think about how an american football rotates about its center axis when you throw it correctly.

A Mathematical Model

Total Kinetic Energy

As we just saw, kinetic energy can be divided into two energies: translational kinetic energy and relative kinetic energy. Therefore, the total kinetic energy of a system is equal to the sum of those two kinetic energies:

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{total} = K_{translational} + K_{relative} }[/math]

The relative kinetic energy term can itself be divided into two other terms. The energy of the atoms of the object relative to its center or axis can either be rotational (this is the case of the football thrown in the air) or vibrational, or both. Therefore, we have:

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{total} = K_{translational} + K_{relative} = K_{translational} + K_{rotational} + K_{vibrational} }[/math]

Calculating Translational Kinetic Energy

Because the translational kinetic energy is associated to the movement of the center of mass of the object, it is important to know how to calculate the location of the center of mass.

[math]\displaystyle{ r_{CM} = \cfrac{m_1r_1 + m_2r_2+m_3r_3 + ...}{Mass} }[/math]

The velocity of the center of mass is given by the equation:

[math]\displaystyle{ v_{CM} = \cfrac{m_1v_1 + m_2v_2+m_3v_3 + ...}{Mass} }[/math]

Using the total mass and the velocity of the center of mass, we can thus calculate the translational energy of an object:

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{translational} = \cfrac{1}{2}M_{total}v_{CM}^2 }[/math]

Calculating Rotational Kinetic Energy

Similarly, we can calculate rotational kinetic energy with the following formula:

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{rotational} = \cfrac{1}{2}M_{total}v_{CM}^2 }[/math]

Moment of Inertia

But rotational kinetic energy can also be calculated with the moment of inertia and the angular speed of an object. The moment of inertia of an object is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the object with the square of their distance from the axis of rotation. The general formula for calculating the moment of inertia of an object is:

[math]\displaystyle{ I = m_1r_{\perp,1}^2 + m_2r_2{\perp,2}^2 + m_3r_{\perp,3}^2 +... }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ kg.m^2 }[/math]

Here [math]\displaystyle{ r_1, r_2, r_3 }[/math] represent the perpendicular distance from the point/axis of rotation.

Some examples of moments of inertia:

For a ring, the moment of inertia formula leads to [math]\displaystyle{ I = MR^2 }[/math] because all of the atoms in the ring are at equal distance from the center.

For a long thin rod, we get [math]\displaystyle{ I = \cfrac{1}{12}ML^2 }[/math], where L is the length of the rod.

For a cylinder of length L and radius R, the formula leads us to [math]\displaystyle{ \cfrac{1}{12}ML^2 + \cfrac{1}{4}MR^2 }[/math]

For a disk, [math]\displaystyle{ I = \cfrac{1}{2}MR^2 }[/math]

For a sphere , [math]\displaystyle{ I = \cfrac{2}{5}MR^2 }[/math]

Angular Speed

The angular speed is a calculation of how fast the object is rotating. It can be calculated from the period, T, with the following formula : [math]\displaystyle{ \omega = \cfrac{2\pi}{T} }[/math]

The rotational kinetic energy can thus be calculated using these two variables: [math]\displaystyle{ K_{rotational} = \cfrac{1}{2}I\omega^2 }[/math].

Point Particle System VS Extended System

Why is it useful to divide the kinetic energy into two different elements? When calculating the total energy of a system, depending on how it is modeled, it will contain one or more types of kinetic energies. Let's think about a system modeled as a point particle system. In this model of a system, we think of the object as one point, located at its center of mass. With this way of thinking, it becomes clear that there can only be one type of kinetic energy: translational kinetic energy. There cannot be any rotational kinetic energy because there are no atoms rotating about the center of mass, since we are thinking of the center of mass as the entire object. Our general energy equation thus boils down to this:

[math]\displaystyle{ \triangle E_{system} = W }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ W = F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \triangle E_{system} = \triangle K_{translational} }[/math] since there is only translational kinetic energy.

We end up with [math]\displaystyle{ \triangle K_{translational} = F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM} }[/math]

Note: There may also be spring potential energy and rest energy depending on the example.

Therefore, viewing a system as a point particle system allows us to easily calculate the translational kinetic energy. This translational kinetic energy will be the same in the extended system.

After having calculated the translational kinetic energy of the system using the point particle system, we can use this value to calculate other terms in the general equation in the extended system.

We start with the general energy equation: [math]\displaystyle{ \triangle E_{system} = W }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ W = F_{net} . displacement }[/math]

In this extended system, we consider all the atoms and their rotation about the axis as well as the general movement of the center of mass. We end up with [math]\displaystyle{ \triangle K_{translational} + \triangle K_{rotational} + \triangle K_{vibrational} = F_{net} . displacement }[/math]

Note: Here again, there may be spring potential energy and rest energy included in this equation depending on the example.

A Computational Model

Vpython

There are not many applications of vpython for this chapter because it necessitates such a conceptual way of thinking. However, it is possible to make a program that calculates the rotational energy given displacements for each force and the magnitude of the force. The mass of the object and the initial conditions would have to be given as well.

Visualizing translational and rotational kinetic energy

It is important to really think about translational kinetic energy as the movement of the center of mass and only that. In the point particle system, only translational kinetic energy is present because we are visualizing the object only as its center of mass, and that is therefore the only kind of movement we have. Let's take the earth as an example. The earth rotates around itself, as well as around the sun. If you think of the earth only in terms of its center of mass, you realize that the center of mass only has one kind of movement: around the sun. It is useful to think of the earth in this case, the point particle system, as a dot, located at its center of mass.

In the extended system, however, we consider the movement of the center of mass as well as the movement of all the atoms around it. Since the atoms of the earth that are not its center rotate (one rotation every 24h), there is rotational energy. Its center of mass is still moving around the sun, there is therefore also translational energy. Here, we think of the earth as a sphere, not a dot, in which the atoms rotate about an axis or center.

For another visual approach of this concept, you can watch the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDcf7eEaP0M.

Examples

Simple

Problem statement:

Calculate the rotational kinetic energy of a wheel of radius 100cm, mass 10kg, with and angular velocity of 22 radians/s.

Solution:

We know how to calculate the moment of inertia for a disk, and the moment of inertia for a wheel will be the same since all the atoms are at the same distance from the center. Therefore, [math]\displaystyle{ I = MR^2 = (10)(1)^2 = 10 kgm^2 }[/math]

From there, we can easily calculate the rotational kinetic energy: [math]\displaystyle{ K_{rotational} = \cfrac{1}{2}I\omega^2 = \cfrac{1}{2}(10)(22)^2 = 2420 }[/math] Joules

Middling

Problem statement:

A string is wrapped around a disk of radius 0.15m and mass 3kg. The disk is initially at rest, but you pull the string with a force of 10N along a smooth surface. The disk moves a distance d = 0.1m and your hand pulls through a distance h = 0.2m. What is the speed of the center of mass of the disk after having pulled the string?

Solution:

The problem states that the disk is moving on a smooth surface, so there is no friction here. Since the problem asks about the speed of the center of mass, we will consider the point particle system first. We start with:

[math]\displaystyle{ \triangle K_{translational} = F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM} }[/math]

We know that the translational kinetic energy is [math]\displaystyle{ K = \cfrac{1}{2}mv_{CM}^2 }[/math]

So we end up with:

[math]\displaystyle{ \cfrac{1}{2}mv_{CM,f}^2 - \cfrac{1}{2}mv_{CM,i}^2 = F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM} }[/math]

Because initially the disk is still, we can reduce this equation to:

[math]\displaystyle{ \cfrac{1}{2}mv_{CM,f}^2 = F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ v_{CM,f}^2 = \cfrac{2. F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM}}{m} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ v_{CM,f} = \sqrt{\cfrac{2. F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM}}{m}} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ v_{CM,f} = \sqrt{\cfrac{ (2)(10)(0.1)}{3}} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ v_{CM,f} = 0.816 }[/math] m/s

Difficult

Problem statement

A box contains a machinery that can rotate. The mass of the box and what it contains is 10kg. A string is wound around the machinery inside the box and comes out of a hole at the top of the box. Before you pull the string, the machinery is not rotating and the box is sitting still. You then pull 0.9m of string out of the box with a force F = 100N and the box lifts up a distance of 0.2m. What is the rotational Kinetic energy of the mechanism inside the box?

Solution

We cannot calculate the rotational energy directly because we do not have any indication of the shape of the mechanism and its angular speed. Therefore, we will use the point particle system and the extended system to find this value. Begin by finding the value of the translational kinetic energy of the system by using the point particle model. We have:

[math]\displaystyle{ \triangle K_{translational} = F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ K_{translational,f} - K_{translational,i} = F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM} }[/math]

The initial translational kinetic energy is 0 because the center of mass of the object is not moving initially.

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{translational,f} = F_{net} . \triangle r_{CM} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{translational,f} = (F_{hand} - F_{grav}) (0.2) }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{translational,f} = (114 - mg) (0.2) }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{translational,f} = (114 - (10)(9.8)) (0.2) }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{translational,f} = 3.2 }[/math] Joules

Now let's look at the extended system:

Here, we have:

[math]\displaystyle{ \triangle K_{translational} + \triangle K_{rotational} = F_{net} . displacement }[/math]

Since there is no initial translational or rotational kinetic energy, we get:

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{translational,f} + K_{rotational,f} = F_{net} . displacement }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{rotational,f} = F_{net} . displacement - K_{translational} }[/math]

The gravitational force mg acts through the distance that the center of mass of the box moves, while the force of your hand acts through that distance plus the distance the string uncoils. Therefore, we have:

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{rotational,f} = (114)(0.2 + 0.9) - (10)(9.8)(0.2) - 3.2 }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{rotational,f} = 102.6 }[/math] Joules

Connectedness

How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

In the book, this topic is very much related to sports. It uses countless examples from diving, ice skating or frisbee to demonstrate why kinetic energy can be separated into two terms. I have always been interested in sports and they were always a big part of my life. Therefore when I read the book, this was one of the most interesting sections to me because I felt some kind of connection to it, like it applied to my life, since I had ice-skated and dove when I was young.

1. How is it connected to your major?

Some biomedical engineers go on to work with sports stars on smart clothes or even prosthetics, in which case they have to deal with rotation and vibration, in addition to regular kinetic energy. The study of biomechanics largely relies on physics as well.

1. 1. Is there an interesting industrial application?

There are many developments of machines that will use kinetic energy for power. We may very well see a few years from now a shoe on the market that powers your cell phone or any other type of technology. There are many possibilities for advancements such as this one.

History

Kinetic energy was first set apart from potential energy by Aristotle. However, it wasn't until 1929 that Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis showed the first signs of understanding of kinetic energy the way that we do today. The term was later coined by William Thomson.

http://learning.alfriston.bucks.sch.uk/course/view.php?id=47

http://www.school-for-champions.com/astronomy/earth_motion.htm#.Vloe4HarSM8

Matter and Interactions By Ruth W. Chabay, Bruce A. Sherwood - Chapter 9