Potential Difference in a Uniform Field

By: dachtani3

Electric potential is a scalar quantity that is used to describe the change in electric potential energy per unit charge. This page will elaborate on the change in electric potential in a uniform field.

The Main Idea

The main idea for electric potential is that it is the amount of electric potential energy change per unit charge in an area. You can calculate this amount for both uniform and non-uniform electric fields. The unit for electric potential is a volt, or Joule/ coulomb.

A Mathematical Model

This equation represents change in electric potential, where V is electric potential, U is electric potential energy, and q is unit charge.

[math]\displaystyle{ \Delta V }[/math] = [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{dU}{q} }[/math]

You can rearrange this equation to also show that electric potential energy is electric potential * unit charge.

Hence, [math]\displaystyle{ \Delta U }[/math] = [math]\displaystyle{ q \Delta V }[/math]

In addition, you can express electric potential as the sum of the dot product of electric field and displacement in each dimension. This expression is as follows:

[math]\displaystyle{ \Delta V }[/math] = -[math]\displaystyle{ \vec{E} }[/math]●[math]\displaystyle{ \Delta \vec{l} }[/math] = = -(Ex●[math]\displaystyle{ \Delta x }[/math] + Ey●[math]\displaystyle{ \Delta y }[/math] + Ez●[math]\displaystyle{ \Delta z }[/math]), units = Volts (V)

Within this expression, you can also note that the units for the electric field are V/m. We originally learned that units for electric field are N/c, but V/m is also an appropriate unit.

A Computational Model

A good video that showcases 3D-models of the interaction of charges with electric potential and electric potential energy can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF3VAjcjvOA

Examples

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

Simple

Questions 1 and 2 are based on the following situation:

A path consists of two locations. Location 1 is at <.1,0,0>m and Location 2 is at <.5,0,0>m. A uniform electric field of <300,0,0> N/C exists in this region pointing from Location 1 to Location 2.

Q1: What is the difference in electric potential between the two points?

dl = final location - initial location = <.5,0,0> - <.1,0,0> = <.4,0,0> m dV = -(Exdx + Eydy + Ezdz) = -(300 N/C*.4 + 0*0 + 0*0) = -120 V

A1: -120 V

Q2: What is the change in electric potential energy for a proton on this path?

dU = dV*q = -120 V * 1.6e-19 C = -1.92e-17 J

A2: - 1.92e-17 J

Middling

Key Point to remember about signs:

If the path is going in the direction of the electric field, electric potential is decreasing.

Ex: Refer to Simple Example

If the path is going in the opposite direction of the electric field, electric potential is increasing.

Q1: Location 1 is at <.1,0,0> and Location 2 is at <.5,0,0>. The uniform electric field is <300,0,0> N/C. The path that the charge travels on is from Location 2 to Location 1.

new dl = <.1,0,0> - <.5,0,0> = <-.4,0,0>m dV = -Exdx = -(-.4*300) = +120V

A1: + 120 V

If the path is perpendicular to the electric field, electric potential does not change.

Q2: Location 1 is at <.1,0,0> and Location 2 is at <.5,0,0>. The uniform electric field is <0,300,0> N/C. The path that the charge travels on is from Location 1 to Location 2.

new dL = <.5,0,0> - <.1,0,0> = <.4,0,0>m dV = -(Exdx + Eydy + Exdz) = -(.4*0 + 0*300 +0*0) = 0 V

A2: 0V

Connectedness

1. How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

Electric potential is related to something that I am interested in because of an internship I had dealing with circuit boards. Recently, I interned in the electronics systems lab at the Georgia Tech Research Institute. Our project was to build a integrated circuit board that acting as a no-parking zone sign for illegal parking areas. My particular board sensed the car, held the signal, and then transferred the electric signal to the audio board to display noise. On my board, I had many electronic components, including capacitors. During my internship, I placed the appropriate pieces on the board where deemed necessary, but I never really understood the physics of electricity behind the components. Hence, learning about electric potential now gives me a greater scope as to understand how electric charge and potential difference affects capacitors.

1. How is it connected to your major?

I am an Industrial & Systems engineering major. My major is all about understanding high level processes in order to identify areas for improvement. In particular, we have the opportunity to take intro to Electrical & Computer Engineering courses to understand the ins and outs of computers and electricity processes. We learn the basics of electricity, including the history of electric scientists like Volta, as well as the definitions of electric potential and electric potential energy. These intro level classes give us a strong foundation for upper-level classes where processes we encounter become very mathematically complex.

1. Is there an interesting industrial application?

An interested industrial application of electric potential is the ability to use electric potential sensors in human body electrophysiology. In a study conducted by the Center for Physical Electronics and Quantum Technology, the team utilized these sensors to detect electric signals in the human body. The sensors were mainly built with electrometer amplifiers. Specific to electric potential, the senors focus on displacement current rather than electric current at certain locations. The following signals were detected: electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, and electro-oculograms, and the sensors were able to find the three signals without directly touching the human body. With these findings, the scientists are able to create "spatio-temporal array imaging" of different areas of the human body, including the heart and brain!

History

Alessandro Volta, and Italian physicist, contributed many ideas and inventions to the field of electricity. He invented the first electric battery, the first electromotive series, and most notably, the idea of electric potential and its unit, the volt.

Volta was born in 1745, and he spent most of his childhood experimenting with electricity in his friend's physics lab. When he was 18, he started communicating with physicists, Jean-Antonie Nollet and Giambatista Beccaria, who encouraged him to continue with his experiments.

In 1775, Volta began teaching physics. He soon was able to isolate methane gas, which he discovered could produce electric sparks. In 1776, Volta put the two ideas together to conclude that he could send electric signals across Italy with the sparking machine.

In 1778, Volta discovered electric potential, or voltage. He realized that the electric potential in a capacitor is directly proportional to the electric charge in that capacitor.

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

See also

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

Further reading

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

External links

Internet resources on this topic

This a a good video that walks through examples on potential difference in a uniform field: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF3VAjcjvOA

This video on electric potential energy gives a good background on solving problems before learning specifically about electric potential: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy

References

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

-http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-electric-potential-definition-formula-quiz.html

-http://www.famousscientists.org/alessandro-volta/

-http://www.isipt.org/world-congress/3/269.html

-Matter & Interactions: Electric and Magnetic Interactions textbook