Johannes Diderik van der Waals

Johannes Diderik van der Waals was a Dutch theoretical physicist known for his work on thermodynamics.

written by Shania Oke

Biography

Early Years

Johannes Diderik van der Waals, the eldest of ten children, was born in Leiden, Netherlands on November 23, 1837. He was born to Jacobus van der Waals and Elisabeth van den Berg.

Education

Being a child of a 19th century working-class family, van der Waals did not have the opportunity to attend a secondary school that would have allowed him to enter any university. At fifteen years old, he finished his “advanced primary education” and then went on to become a teacher's apprentice in an elementary school. By 1861, he completed courses and received the qualifications to become a primary school teacher.

Even though he was not qualified to attend the University of Leiden due to his lack of early education in classical languages, van der Waals attended math, physics, and astronomy lectures in 1862. Fortunately, the University of Leiden implemented a program that allowed other students to take up to four courses a year.

The following year, the Dutch government started HBS which was a secondary school education program for children of higher middle class families. Still the head teacher of an elementary school, van der Waals made every effort to become a HBS teacher by spending the subsequent two years studying during his spare time in order to prepare for the required exams. Finally, in 1865, van der Waals was given a physics teacher position at a HBS in Deventer and then transferred to a HBS in The Hague a year later. Because of close proximity, this new position allowed him to continue his courses at the University of Leiden.

Later Years

Just before assuming his position at the HBS in Deventer, van der Waals married Anna Magdalena Smit.

The law regulating university entrance that prohibited van der Waals from pursing higher education was altered and the minister of education was given the power to exempt students from the study of classical language. Fortunately, van der Waals was given this privilege and passed the necessary math and physics qualification exams in order to pursue his doctorate. During his time at the University of Leiden, he studied the behavior of gases and demonstrated that the liquid and gas phases of a substance are of the same nature allowing the behavior and transition of said substance between states could be accurately predicted. His work was centered on the idea that molecules are of finite size and attract each other which was still a disputed scientific concept at the time.

At the age of 36, van der Waal defended his doctoral thesis (Over de Continuïteit van den Gas- en Vloeistoftoestand) which covered the topic of substance continuity during gaseous and liquid states as well as new concepts of molecular volume and molecular attraction.

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