Hooke’s Law

Vinutna Veeragandham

Hooke's Law: the force needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance.

The Main Idea

Hooke's Law demonstrates the relationship between forces applied to a spring and elasticity. It states that the force needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance. This law applies to many different materials such as balloons or strings; an elastic body to which Hooke's law applies is known as linear-elastic. Hooke's Law has been the basis for the modern Theory of Elasticity, led to creation of new inventions as well as been the foundation of many different branches of science such as seismology, molecular mechanics and acoustics.

A Mathematical Model

   F = -kX

F - restoring force, force by which the free end of the spring is being pulled, SI Units: Newtons

k - spring constant, an inherent property of the string, SI Units: Meters

X - spring displacement from the spring's free end while at equilibrium position, SI Units: Newtons/Meters

A Computational Model

A computational representation of Hooke's Law can be created using VPython. The code below puts Hooke's law in action.

   # GlowScript 1.1 VPython
   
   L0=.1 #the natural length of the spring
   k=15 #spring constant
   
  #the holder is the top plate for the spring
   holder= box(pos=vec(-.1,.1,0), size=vec(.1,.005,.1))
   
  #the ball and the spring should be obvious 
   
  #note that the ball has a trail
   ball=sphere(pos=vec(-.1,-L0+.1,0), radius=0.02, color=color.red, make_trail=true)
   spring=helix(pos=holder.pos, axis=ball.pos-holder.pos, radius=.02, coils=10)
   ball.m=0.1 #mass of the ball in kg
   ball.p=ball.m*vec(0,0,0) #starting momentum mass times velocity
   dr=vec(0,-0.05,0) #this is the displacement of the spring
   ball.pos=ball.pos+dr
   g=vec(0,-9.8,0) #gravitational field
   t=0
   dt=0.01 #size of the time step
   
  #putting the loop as "while True" means it runs forever
   
  #you could change this to while t< 10: or something 
   while t<3: 
   rate(100) #this says 100 calculations per second
   
  #L is the length of the spring, from the holder to the ball
   L=ball.pos-holder.pos
   
  #remember that mag(R) gives the magnitude of vector R
   
  #remember that norm(R) gives the unit vector for R
   Fs=-k*(mag(L)-L0)*norm(L) #this is Hooke's law
   
  #this calculates the net force
   F=Fs+ball.m*g
   
  #update the momentum
   ball.p=ball.p+F*dt
   
  #update the position of the ball
   ball.pos= ball.pos +ball.p*dt/ball.m
   
  #this next line updates the spring
   spring.axis=ball.pos-holder.pos

Examples

Simple

A spring has a spring constant that is equal to 3.5. What force will make it stretch 4 cm?

 F = k * x
 F = 3.5 * 4
 F = 14 kg

Middling

A 0.15 kg mass is attached to a vertical spring and hangs at rest a distance of 4.6 cm below its original position. An additional 0.50 Kg mass is then suspended from the first mass and the system is allowed to descend to a new equilibrium position. What is the total extension of the spring?

  m = 0.15 kg
  M = 0.5 kg
  x = 4.6 cm
  X = total stretch distance
  F = applied force
  
  Find X...
  
  X = F/k
  F = kx = mg
  k = mg/x
  k = [ (0.15) * (9.8) ] / 0.046
  k =  32 N/m
  
  With both masses...
  
  X = [ (m + M) * g ] / k
  X = [ (0.15 + 0.50) * (9.8) ] / 32
  X = 0.20 m

Difficult

A mass of 1.0kg is attached to a spring obeying Hooke's Law F = k*s, where F is the force applied and s the spring extension. The spring constant, k is 50 N/m. The spring and the object lie on a surface tilted 45 degrees with respect to the vertical. Neglect friction. Answer the following questions:

a. What is the extension of the spring? b. What is the work done by gravity in extending the spring by the above extension?

a)