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        <h1>Introduction to Quantum Concepts</h1>
        <p>A beginner-friendly guide to the essentials of quantum mechanics.</p>
    </header>
    <div class="container">
        <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
        <ul>
            <li><a href="#bohr-model">The Bohr Model</a></li>
            <li><a href="#energy-graphs">Energy Graphs and the Bohr Model</a></li>
            <li><a href="#quantized-levels">Quantized Energy Levels</a></li>
            <li><a href="#electron-transitions">Electron Transitions</a></li>
            <li><a href="#entropy">Entropy</a></li>
        </ul>
        <!-- Bohr Model Section -->
        <div class="topic" id="bohr-model">
            <h2>The Bohr Model</h2>
            <p>
                In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a model for the atom that was revolutionary at the time. Unlike previous models,
                Bohr suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus in distinct, quantized orbits, rather than moving freely.
            </p>
            <h3>Key Features:</h3>
            <ul>
                <li><strong>Quantized Orbits:</strong> Electrons occupy specific energy levels, preventing them from spiraling into the nucleus.</li>
                <li><strong>Energy Absorption and Emission:</strong> Electrons absorb energy to jump to a higher level or emit energy to drop to a lower one.</li>
            </ul>
            <img src="bohr-model-diagram.png" alt="Bohr Model Diagram">
            <p><i>Figure 1: Visualization of the quantized orbits of electrons in the Bohr Model.</i></p>
        </div>
        <!-- Energy Graphs and Bohr Model Section -->
        <div class="topic" id="energy-graphs">
            <h2>Energy Graphs and the Bohr Model</h2>
            <p>
                Energy levels in atoms can be visualized using graphs where the y-axis represents energy and the x-axis is arbitrary.
                Each level corresponds to a quantized energy state, with the ground state being the lowest.
            </p>
            <h3>Interactive Exploration:</h3>
            <p>Use the following computational model to observe electron transitions between energy levels dynamically:</p>
            <p><i>[Placeholder for an interactive energy graph model]</i></p>
        </div>
        <!-- Quantized Energy Levels Section -->
        <div class="topic" id="quantized-levels">
            <h2>Quantized Energy Levels</h2>
            <p>
                One of the most groundbreaking discoveries in quantum mechanics is the idea of quantization. Electrons can
                only exist at specific energy levels, described by a principal quantum number \( n \).
            </p>
            <p><strong>Formula for Energy Levels (Hydrogen Atom):</strong></p>
            <p>\[
                E_n = -\frac{13.6 \, \text{eV}}{n^2}
            \]</p>
            <p>where \( n \) is the principal quantum number. This formula shows that energy decreases as \( n \) increases.</p>
        </div>
        <!-- Electron Transitions Section -->
        <div class="topic" id="electron-transitions">
            <h2>Electron Transitions</h2>
            <p>
                Electron transitions between energy levels result in the absorption or emission of light. This phenomenon is
                the basis of spectroscopy, a key tool in understanding atomic structures.
            </p>
            <h3>Types of Transitions:</h3>
            <ul>
                <li><strong>Absorption:</strong> Electrons absorb photons to move to a higher energy level.</li>
                <li><strong>Emission:</strong> Electrons release photons when falling to a lower energy level.</li>
            </ul>
            <img src="electron-transition.png" alt="Electron Transitions">
            <p><i>Figure 2: Diagram showing the absorption and emission of photons during electron transitions.</i></p>
        </div>
        <!-- Entropy Section -->
        <div class="topic" id="entropy">
            <h2>Entropy</h2>
            <p>
                In quantum mechanics, entropy is a measure of the uncertainty or randomness in a system. Higher entropy
                generally corresponds to a system with more possible configurations.
            </p>
            <p>
                For example, consider a particle in a box. The more energy levels available to the particle, the higher its
                entropy, as there are more possible states it can occupy.
            </p>
            <p>
                Entropy also plays a role in understanding the distribution of particles in quantum systems, particularly in
                thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
            </p>
        </div>
    </div>
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        <p>&copy; 2024 Quantum Mechanics 101. Created for Physics 1 Mechanics students.</p>
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==Physics 2==
==Physics 2==

Revision as of 11:07, 2 December 2024

Georgia Tech Student Wiki for Introductory Physics.

This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?

  1. Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
  2. Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
  3. Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default Template into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

Source Material

All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).

  • A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience Physics Portal
  • A wiki written for students by a physics expert MSU Physics Wiki
  • A wiki book on modern physics Modern Physics Wiki
  • A collection of 26 volumes of lecture notes by Prof. Wheeler of Reed College [1]
  • The MIT open courseware for intro physics MITOCW Wiki
  • An online concept map of intro physics HyperPhysics
  • Interactive physics simulations PhET
  • OpenStax intro physics textbooks: Vol1, Vol2, Vol3
  • The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources OSP
  • A resource guide compiled by the AAPT for educators ComPADRE
  • The Feynman lectures on physics are free to read Feynman
  • Final Study Guide for Modern Physics II created by a lab TA Modern Physics II Final Study Guide

Resources


Physics 1

Week 1

GlowScript 101

VPython

Vectors and Units

Interactions

Velocity and Momentum

Week 2

Momentum and the Momentum Principle

Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force

Week 3

Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force

Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force

Week 4

Fundamental Interactions

Week 5

Properties of Matter

Week 6

Identifying Forces

Isabel Hollhumer F24

Curving Motion

Week 7

Jeet Bhatkar

Energy Principle

The Energy Principle is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the relationship between different forms of energy and their conservation within a system. Understanding the Energy Principle is crucial for analyzing the motion and interactions of objects in various physical scenarios.

Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.

Potential energy arises from the position of an object relative to its surroundings. Common forms of potential energy include gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy.

Work and energy are closely related concepts. Work ( 𝑊) done on an object is defined as the force ( 𝐹) applied to the object multiplied by the displacement ( 𝑑) of the object in the direction of the force: The Energy Principle states that the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant if only conservative forces (forces that depend only on the positions of the objects) are acting on the system.

The principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time. In other words, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This principle is a fundamental concept in physics and has wide-ranging applications in mechanics, thermodynamics, and other branches of science.

Week 8

Work by Non-Constant Forces

Potential Energy

Week 9

Multiparticle Systems

Week 10

Choice of System

Thermal Energy, Dissipation, and Transfer of Energy

Rotational and Vibrational Energy

Week 11

Different Models of a System

Friction

Week 12

Conservation of Momentum

Collisions

Week 13

Rotations

Angular Momentum

Week 14

Analyzing Motion with and without Torque

Week 15

Introduction to Quantum Concepts

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           color: white;
           padding: 1rem 0;
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       }

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           width: 80%;
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</head>

<body> 

   <header>

Introduction to Quantum Concepts

A beginner-friendly guide to the essentials of quantum mechanics.

   </header>

Table of Contents

  • <a href="#bohr-model">The Bohr Model</a>
  • <a href="#energy-graphs">Energy Graphs and the Bohr Model</a>
  • <a href="#quantized-levels">Quantized Energy Levels</a>
  • <a href="#electron-transitions">Electron Transitions</a>
  • <a href="#entropy">Entropy</a>

The Bohr Model

In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a model for the atom that was revolutionary at the time. Unlike previous models, Bohr suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus in distinct, quantized orbits, rather than moving freely.

Key Features:

  • Quantized Orbits: Electrons occupy specific energy levels, preventing them from spiraling into the nucleus.
  • Energy Absorption and Emission: Electrons absorb energy to jump to a higher level or emit energy to drop to a lower one.
           <img src="bohr-model-diagram.png" alt="Bohr Model Diagram">

Figure 1: Visualization of the quantized orbits of electrons in the Bohr Model.

Energy Graphs and the Bohr Model

Energy levels in atoms can be visualized using graphs where the y-axis represents energy and the x-axis is arbitrary. Each level corresponds to a quantized energy state, with the ground state being the lowest.

Interactive Exploration:

Use the following computational model to observe electron transitions between energy levels dynamically:

[Placeholder for an interactive energy graph model]

Quantized Energy Levels

One of the most groundbreaking discoveries in quantum mechanics is the idea of quantization. Electrons can only exist at specific energy levels, described by a principal quantum number \( n \).

Formula for Energy Levels (Hydrogen Atom):

\[ E_n = -\frac{13.6 \, \text{eV}}{n^2} \]

where \( n \) is the principal quantum number. This formula shows that energy decreases as \( n \) increases.

Electron Transitions

Electron transitions between energy levels result in the absorption or emission of light. This phenomenon is the basis of spectroscopy, a key tool in understanding atomic structures.

Types of Transitions:

  • Absorption: Electrons absorb photons to move to a higher energy level.
  • Emission: Electrons release photons when falling to a lower energy level.
           <img src="electron-transition.png" alt="Electron Transitions">

Figure 2: Diagram showing the absorption and emission of photons during electron transitions.

Entropy

In quantum mechanics, entropy is a measure of the uncertainty or randomness in a system. Higher entropy generally corresponds to a system with more possible configurations.

For example, consider a particle in a box. The more energy levels available to the particle, the higher its entropy, as there are more possible states it can occupy.

Entropy also plays a role in understanding the distribution of particles in quantum systems, particularly in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. 

   <footer>

© 2024 Quantum Mechanics 101. Created for Physics 1 Mechanics students.

   </footer>

</body>

</html>

Physics 2

Week 1

3D Vectors

Electric field

Electric force

Electric field of a point particle

Superposition

Dipoles

Week 2

Interactions of charged objects

Tape experiments

Polarization

Week 3

Conductors and Insulators

Charging and Discharging

Week 4

Field of a charged rod

Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor

Field of a charged sphere

Week 5

Potential energy

Electric potential

Sign of a potential difference

Potential at a single location

Path independence and round trip potential

Week 6

Electric field and potential in an insulator

Moving charges in a magnetic field

Biot-Savart Law

Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current

Week 7

Magnetic field of a wire

Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop

Magnetic field of a Charged Disk

Magnetic dipoles

Atomic structure of magnets

Week 8

Circuitry Basics

Steady state current

Kirchoff's Laws

Electric fields and energy in circuits

Macroscopic analysis of circuits

Week 9

Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors

Magnetic forces on charges and currents

Electric and magnetic forces

Velocity selector

Week 10

Hall Effect

Magnetic force

Magnetic torque

Week 12

Gauss's Law

Ampere's Law

Week 13

Semiconductors

Faraday's Law

Maxwell's equations

Week 14

Circuits revisited

Inductors

Week 15

Electromagnetic Radiation

Sparks in the air

Superconductors

Physics 3

Week 1

Classical Physics

Weeks 2 and 3

Special Relativity and the Lorentz Transformation

Week 4

Photons and the Photoelectric Effect

Weeks 5 and 6

Matter Waves and Wave-Particle Duality

Week 7

Wave Mechanics

Week 8

Schrödinger Equation

Week 9

Quantum Mechanics

The Hydrogen Atom

Week 10

Rutherford-Bohr Model

Week 11

Many-Electron Atoms

Week 12

The Nucleus

Week 13

Molecules

Week 14

Statistical Physics

Week 15

Statistical Physics

Additional Topics

Thermodynamics

Nuclear Physics

Particle Physics

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