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* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki] | * A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki] | ||
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki] | * A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki] | ||
* A collection of 26 volumes of lecture notes by Prof. Wheeler of Reed College [https://rdc.reed.edu/c/wheeler/home/] | |||
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki] | * The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki] | ||
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics] | * An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics] | ||
| Line 37: | Line 38: | ||
===Week 1=== | ===Week 1=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
==== | ====GlowScript 101==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Python Syntax]] | *[[Python Syntax]] | ||
*[[GlowScript]] | *[[GlowScript]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 99: | Line 87: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]] | *[[Newton's First Law of Motion]] | ||
*[[Mass]] | |||
*[[Velocity]] | *[[Velocity]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Speed]] | ||
*[[Speed | *[[Speed vs Velocity]] | ||
*[[Relative Velocity]] | *[[Relative Velocity]] | ||
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]] | *[[Derivation of Average Velocity]] | ||
| Line 119: | Line 108: | ||
*[[Inertia]] | *[[Inertia]] | ||
*[[Acceleration]] | *[[Acceleration]] | ||
*[[Relativistic Momentum]] | *[[Relativistic Momentum]] | ||
<!-- Kinematics and Projectile Motion relocated to Week 3 per advice of Dr. Greco --> | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 138: | Line 126: | ||
====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force==== | ====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Analytical Prediction]] | <!-- *[[Analytical Prediction]] Deprecated --> | ||
*[[Kinematics]] | |||
*[[Projectile Motion]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 147: | Line 137: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Fundamentals of Iterative Prediction with Varying Force]] | *[[Fundamentals of Iterative Prediction with Varying Force]] | ||
*[[Spring_Force]] | |||
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]] | *[[Simple Harmonic Motion]] | ||
<!--*[[Hooke's Law]] folded into simple harmonic motion--> | <!--*[[Hooke's Law]] folded into simple harmonic motion--> | ||
| Line 153: | Line 144: | ||
*[[Terminal Speed]] | *[[Terminal Speed]] | ||
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]] | *[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]] | ||
*[[Two Dimensional Harmonic Motion]] | |||
*[[Determinism]] | *[[Determinism]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 165: | Line 157: | ||
*[[Gravitational Force in Space and Other Applications]] | *[[Gravitational Force in Space and Other Applications]] | ||
*[[3 or More Body Interactions]] | *[[3 or More Body Interactions]] | ||
<!--[[Fluid Mechanics]]--> | |||
*[[Electric Force]] | *[[Electric Force]] | ||
*[[Introduction to Magnetic Force]] | |||
*[[Strong and Weak Force]] | *[[Strong and Weak Force]] | ||
*[[Reciprocity]] | *[[Reciprocity]] | ||
| Line 197: | Line 190: | ||
====Identifying Forces==== | ====Identifying Forces==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
====Isabel Hollhumer F24==== | |||
*[[Free Body Diagram]] | *[[Free Body Diagram]] | ||
*[[Inclined Plane]] | *[[Inclined Plane]] | ||
| Line 215: | Line 209: | ||
===Week 7=== | ===Week 7=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Jeet Bhatkar==== | |||
====Energy Principle==== | ====Energy Principle==== | ||
The Energy Principle is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the relationship between different forms of energy and their conservation within a system. Understanding the Energy Principle is crucial for analyzing the motion and interactions of objects in various physical scenarios. | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Kinetic Energy]] | *[[Kinetic Energy]] | ||
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. | |||
*[[Work/Energy]] | *[[Work/Energy]] | ||
Potential energy arises from the position of an object relative to its surroundings. Common forms of potential energy include gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. | |||
*[[The Energy Principle]] | *[[The Energy Principle]] | ||
Work and energy are closely related concepts. Work ( | |||
𝑊) done on an object is defined as the force ( | |||
𝐹) applied to the object multiplied by the displacement ( | |||
𝑑) of the object in the direction of the force: | |||
The Energy Principle states that the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant if only conservative forces (forces that depend only on the positions of the objects) are acting on the system. | |||
*[[Conservation of Energy]] | *[[Conservation of Energy]] | ||
The principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time. In other words, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This principle is a fundamental concept in physics and has wide-ranging applications in mechanics, thermodynamics, and other branches of science. | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 251: | Line 256: | ||
*[[Center of Mass]] | *[[Center of Mass]] | ||
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]] | *[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]] | ||
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]] | *[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]] | ||
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]] | *[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]] | ||
| Line 271: | Line 275: | ||
*[[Thermal Energy]] | *[[Thermal Energy]] | ||
*[[Specific Heat]] | *[[Specific Heat]] | ||
*[[Calorific Value(Heat of combustion)]] | *[[Calorific Value(Heat of combustion)]] | ||
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]] | *[[First Law of Thermodynamics]] | ||
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]] | *[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]] | ||
*[[Temperature]] | *[[Temperature]] | ||
*[[Transformation of Energy]] | *[[Transformation of Energy]] | ||
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]] | *[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]] | ||
*[[Air Resistance]] | *[[Air Resistance]] | ||
*[[The Third Law of Thermodynamics]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 289: | Line 290: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]] | *[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]] | ||
*[[Rolling Motion]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 301: | Line 303: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
==== | ====Friction==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Friction]] | *[[Friction]] | ||
| Line 337: | Line 339: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Rotational Kinematics]] | *[[Rotational Kinematics]] | ||
*[[Eulerian Angles]] | *[[Eulerian Angles]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 349: | Line 350: | ||
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]] | *[[Rotational Angular Momentum]] | ||
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]] | *[[The Angular Momentum Principle]] | ||
*[[Angular Impulse]] | *[[Angular Impulse]] | ||
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]] | *[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]] | ||
*[[The Moments of Inertia]] | *[[The Moments of Inertia]] | ||
*[[Right Hand Rule]] | *[[Right Hand Rule]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 435: | Line 433: | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Dipoles==== | ====Dipoles==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
| Line 472: | Line 471: | ||
===Week 3=== | ===Week 3=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Insulators==== | ====Conductors and Insulators==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Conductivity and Resistivity]] | |||
*[[Insulators]] | *[[Insulators]] | ||
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]] | *[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Conductors]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Polarization of a conductor]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Charging and Discharging==== | ====Charging and Discharging==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
| Line 499: | Line 488: | ||
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]] | *[[Electrostatic Discharge]] | ||
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]] | *[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 595: | Line 583: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current==== | ====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
| Line 607: | Line 596: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]] | *[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]] | ||
*[[Magnetic Field of a Curved Wire]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop==== | ====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
| Line 641: | Line 632: | ||
===Week 8=== | ===Week 8=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Circuitry Basics==== | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | |||
*[[Understanding Fundamentals of Current, Voltage, and Resistance]] | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
====Steady state current==== | ====Steady state current==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
| Line 658: | Line 658: | ||
====Electric fields and energy in circuits==== | ====Electric fields and energy in circuits==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Electric Potential Difference]] | *[[Electric Potential Difference]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 666: | Line 663: | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Macroscopic analysis of circuits==== | ====Macroscopic analysis of circuits==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
| Line 732: | Line 730: | ||
*[[Magnetic Force]] | *[[Magnetic Force]] | ||
*[[Magnetic Torque]] | *[[Magnetic Torque]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
====Magnetic force==== | ====Magnetic force==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
| Line 866: | Line 853: | ||
====Classical Physics==== | ====Classical Physics==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Classical Physics]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
=== | [[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]] | ||
===Weeks 2 and 3=== | |||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Special Relativity==== | ====Special Relativity and the Lorentz Transformation==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Frame of Reference]] | *[[Frame of Reference]] | ||
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]] | *[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]] | ||
*[[Time Dilation]] | *[[Time Dilation]] | ||
*[[Lorentz Transformations]] | |||
*[[Relativistic Doppler Effect]] | |||
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]] | *[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]] | ||
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]] | *[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]] | ||
| Line 882: | Line 875: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
===Week | ===Week 4=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Photons==== | ====Photons and the Photoelectric Effect==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]] | *[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]] | ||
*[[Light Scattering | *[[Light Scattering]] | ||
*[[Lasers]] | *[[Lasers]] | ||
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]] | *[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]] | ||
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]] | *[[Quantum Properties of Light]] | ||
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
=== | ===Weeks 5 and 6=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Matter Waves==== | ====Matter Waves and Wave-Particle Duality==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]] | *[[Wave-Particle Duality]] | ||
*[[Particle in a 1-Dimensional box]] | |||
*[[Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
===Week | ===Week 7=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Wave Mechanics==== | ====Wave Mechanics==== | ||
| Line 911: | Line 907: | ||
*[[Mechanical Waves]] | *[[Mechanical Waves]] | ||
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]] | *[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]] | ||
*[[Fourier Series and Transform]] | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
===Week 8=== | |||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
====Schrödinger Equation==== | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | |||
*[[The Born Rule]] | |||
*[[Solution for a Single Free Particle]] | |||
*[[Solution for a Single Particle in an Infinite Quantum Well - Darin]] | |||
*[[Solution for a Single Particle in a Semi-Infinite Quantum Well]] | |||
*[[Quantum Harmonic Oscillator]] | |||
*[[Solution for Simple Harmonic Oscillator]] | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
===Week 9=== | |||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
====Quantum Mechanics==== | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | |||
*[[Quantum Tunneling through Potential Barriers]] | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
====The Hydrogen Atom==== | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | |||
*[[Quantum Theory]] | |||
*[[Atomic Theory]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
===Week | ===Week 10=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Rutherford-Bohr Model==== | ====Rutherford-Bohr Model==== | ||
| Line 925: | Line 951: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
===Week | ===Week 11=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
==== | ====Many-Electron Atoms==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Quantum Theory]] | *[[Quantum Theory]] | ||
*[[Atomic Theory]] | *[[Atomic Theory]] | ||
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
===Week | ===Week 12=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
==== | ====The Nucleus==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[ | *[[Nucleus]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
===Week | ===Week 13=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Molecules==== | ====Molecules==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Molecules]] | |||
*[[Covalent Bonds]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
===Week | ===Week 14=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Statistical Physics==== | ====Statistical Physics==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Application of Statistics in Physics]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
===Week | ===Week 15=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
==== | ====Statistical Physics==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
*[[Temperature & Entropy]] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
=== | ===Additional Topics=== | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
==== | ====Condensed Matter Physics==== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Nuclear Physics==== | ====Nuclear Physics==== | ||
| Line 981: | Line 1,007: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
====Particle Physics==== | ====Particle Physics==== | ||
Latest revision as of 08:32, 4 October 2024
Georgia Tech Student Wiki for Introductory Physics.
This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!
Looking to make a contribution?
- Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
- Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
- Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default Template into your new page and start editing.
Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.
Source Material
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
- A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience Physics Portal
- A wiki written for students by a physics expert MSU Physics Wiki
- A wiki book on modern physics Modern Physics Wiki
- A collection of 26 volumes of lecture notes by Prof. Wheeler of Reed College [1]
- The MIT open courseware for intro physics MITOCW Wiki
- An online concept map of intro physics HyperPhysics
- Interactive physics simulations PhET
- OpenStax intro physics textbooks: Vol1, Vol2, Vol3
- The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources OSP
- A resource guide compiled by the AAPT for educators ComPADRE
- The Feynman lectures on physics are free to read Feynman
- Final Study Guide for Modern Physics II created by a lab TA Modern Physics II Final Study Guide
Resources
- Commonly used wiki commands Wiki Cheatsheet
- A guide to representing equations in math mode Wiki Math Mode
- A page to keep track of all the physics Constants
- A listing of Notable Scientist with links to their individual pages
Physics 1
Week 1
GlowScript 101
VPython
Interactions
Velocity and Momentum
Week 2
Momentum and the Momentum Principle
Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force
Week 3
Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force
Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force
Week 4
Fundamental Interactions
Week 5
Properties of Matter
Week 6
Identifying Forces
Isabel Hollhumer F24
Week 7
Jeet Bhatkar
Energy Principle
The Energy Principle is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the relationship between different forms of energy and their conservation within a system. Understanding the Energy Principle is crucial for analyzing the motion and interactions of objects in various physical scenarios.
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.
Potential energy arises from the position of an object relative to its surroundings. Common forms of potential energy include gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy.
Work and energy are closely related concepts. Work ( 𝑊) done on an object is defined as the force ( 𝐹) applied to the object multiplied by the displacement ( 𝑑) of the object in the direction of the force: The Energy Principle states that the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant if only conservative forces (forces that depend only on the positions of the objects) are acting on the system.
The principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time. In other words, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This principle is a fundamental concept in physics and has wide-ranging applications in mechanics, thermodynamics, and other branches of science.